tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-67358119838925843612024-03-11T13:19:38.555+05:30Chemistry Notes Info - Your Chemistry Tutor provide notes for 9,10,11,12, BSc, MSc, Chemistry QuizChemistryNotesInfo.Com: Your Chemistry Tutor, Chemistry Study Notes and Innovative Online Education Classes 9, 10, 11, 12, Degree Courses BSc, MSc, And Topics Spectroscopy, Physical Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Chemistry Videos, Science High School, College Chemistry, Chemistry Help, Chemistry Tutorial, Chemistry Apps, Science Quiz, Chemistry Test, Chemistry Infographics and more at www.ChemistryNotesInfo.comJitendra Singh Sandhuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06312843500177958082noreply@blogger.comBlogger333125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6735811983892584361.post-71958490796063289432024-01-22T16:44:00.000+05:302024-01-22T16:44:04.595+05:30Hydrocarbon Class 11th Chemistry Notes<h1 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-large;">Hydrocarbon Class 11th Chemistry Notes</span></span></h1><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Hydrocarbons are the compounds which contains carbon and <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2023/10/top-10-interesting-facts-about-hydrogen.html">hydrogen</a>. These hydrocarbon chemistry notes are written in simple and easy to understand language. So, start learning with these hydrocarbons <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2023/09/hydrocarbon-class-11th-chemistry-notes.html">class 11th chemistry notes</a>. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><h2 style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">HYDROCARBONS</span></b></h2><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><b>The compounds which contain only carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons.</b> Hydrocarbons are classified as aliphatic, alicyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons.</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Aliphatic hydrocarbons contain open chains of <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2023/12/top-10-interesting-facts-about-carbon.html">carbon atoms</a>, which are further classified as saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. </span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Saturated hydrocarbon contains all C – C single bonds (alkanes) while unsaturated hydrocarbons contain C = C double bonds (alkenes) or C ≡ C triple bonds (alkynes).</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Alicyclic hydrocarbons contain rings of carbon atoms and have properties similar to that of aliphatic hydrocarbons.</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Aromatic hydrocarbons contain one or more benzene rings in their structure.</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">ALKANES</span></b></h2><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><b>Alkanes are aliphatic saturated hydrocarbons containing carbon – carbon and carbon – hydrogen single covalent bonds. </b>Alkanes are also called <b>paraffins</b> because alkanes do not undergo chemical reactions easily. </span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span>The general chemical formula of alkanes is <b>C</b><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>n</sub></b></span><b>H</b><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2n+2</sub></b></span>, </span><span>where n is an integer and indicates the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. Some common alkanes are methane (CH</span><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>4</sub></span><span>), ethane (C</span><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span><span>H</span><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>6</sub></span><span>), propane (C</span><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>3</sub></span><span>H</span><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>8</sub></span><span>), Butane (C</span><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>4</sub></span><span>H</span><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>10</sub></span><span>), Pentane (C</span><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>5</sub></span><span>H</span><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>12</sub></span><span>) etc. Every carbon atom in alkanes is sp</span><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sup>3</sup></span><span> hybridized and has tetrahedral geometry. </span></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">The tetrahedral are joined together and C – C and C – H bond lengths are 154pm and 112 pm respectively. The H – C – H, C – C – H and C – C – C bond angles are 109ᵒ28’.</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h4 style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">CONFORMATION IN ALKANES</span></b></h4><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">The different spatial arrangements of atoms in a molecule that can be converted into one another by free rotation about single bonds are called conformations or conformers or rotamers. These isomers cannot be usually isolated because they interconvert rapidly. Conformations can be represented by different formula, such as sawhorse and Newmann projection formula.</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">METHODS OF PREPARATION OF ALKANES</span></b></h2><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">From unsaturated hydrocarbons : By hydrogenation</span></b></h3><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Alkanes are obtained by passing a mixture of alkenes or alkynes and hydrogen over Raney nickel and catalyst at about 473K to 573K. This reaction is called Sabatier and Sanderson reaction. Platinum or Palladium also catalyses the reaction at room temperature.</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">e.g. CH<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span> = CH<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span> + H<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span> <span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: underline;"><sup> Raney Ni & Δ </sup></span>→ CH<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>3</sub></span> – CH<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>3</sub></span></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"> Ethene Ethane</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"> CH<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub> </sub></span>≡ CH + 2H<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span> <span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: underline;"><sup> Raney Ni & Δ </sup></span>→ CH<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>3</sub></span> – CH<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>3</sub></span></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"> Ethene Ethane</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><b style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">From sodium of fatty acids : By decarboxylation</span></b></h3><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">The reaction in which carbon dioxide is removed from carboxylic acid is called decarboxylation. When anhydrous sodium salt of fatty acid is fused with soda lime it gives alkane containing one carbon atom less than carboxylic acid.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: large; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/p/11th-class.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Hydrocarbon Class 11th Chemistry Notes" border="0" data-original-height="627" data-original-width="1044" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzS0PQvJE57wJinA7hEzPmvKh4K6waNkGThEaMpSfXRae4NAdR2bq_ZPB4ryJJTF4Dmp3tPYx_ZLcEJZ4us1hvQDXMjk45QZEmHkdhX3Qzdvg54gdoB6NIqdlSAA86QaI5zhItH0iL5xuh8b6h9ZlN7IFarHAW4Lt8rf3GPqN1WlKX2xwtFyYbEUpVt8RK/w640-h384/Hydrocarbon%20Class%2011th%20Chemistry%20Notes.png" title="Hydrocarbon Class 11th Chemistry Notes" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: large; text-align: center;"><b style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></div><h3><b style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">From alkyl halides</span></b></h3></span></span></div><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">By reduction of alkyl halides</span></b></h4><p></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Alkyl halides on reduction with zinc and dilute hydrochloric acid from alkane. The reduction of alkyl halides is due to nascent hydrogen obtained from reducing agent. Zn – Cu couple and alcohol can also be used as the reducing agents.</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"> R – X + 2[H] <span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: underline;"><sup> zn, HCl </sup></span>→ R – H + HX</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"> Alkyl halide Alkane</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">e.g. CH<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>3</sub></span> – I + 2[H] <span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: underline;"><sup> Zn, HCl </sup></span> → CH<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>4</sub></span> + HI</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"> Methyl iodide Methane</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h4 style="text-align: left;"></h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">By using active metal (Wurtz synthesis reaction)</span></b></h4><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Alkyl halides on heating with sodium metal in presence of dry ether as solvent give higher alkanes containing even number of carbon atoms.</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">R – X + 2Na + X – R <span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: underline;"><sup>dry ether </sup></span>→ R – R + 2NaX</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">e.g. CH<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>3</sub></span> – Cl + 2Na + Cl – CH<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>3</sub></span> <span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: underline;"><sup> dry ether </sup></span>→ CH<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>3</sub></span> – CH<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>3</sub></span> + 2NaCl</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"> Methyl Chloride Ethane</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKANES</span></b></h2><ul>
<li style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Alkanes are colourless and odourless they are insoluble in water, but readily dissolve in non – polar solvents like benzene, ether, chloroform etc.</span></li>
<li style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>At room temperature, the first four alkanes are gases, next thirteen (C<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>5</sub></span> to C<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>17</sub></span>) are liquids where as higher alkanes are waxy solids.</span></li>
<li style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Alkanes are non polar as C – H and C-C bonds in alkanes are nonpolar covalent bonds. All alkanes are less dense than water and their relative density increases with increase in molecular mass.</span></li>
<li style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Melting and boiling points increases with increase in molecular mass and decreases as branching increases.</span></li></ul><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKANES</span></b></h2><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h4></h4><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Halogenations of alkanes</span></b></h3><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Alkanes reacts with halogens in presence of ultraviolet light as diffused sunlight or at high temperature (573K to 773K) to give mixture of alkyl halides.</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Chlorination of Methane :</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">CH</span><sub>4</sub><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><sup> Cl</sup></span><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: underline;"><sup>2</sup></span><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><sup> – HCl </sup></span><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">→ CH</span><sub>3</sub><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> – Cl </span><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><sup> Cl</sup></span><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: underline;"><sup>2</sup></span><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><sup> – HCl </sup></span><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">→ CH</span><sub>2</sub><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">Cl</span><sub>2</sub><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><sup> Cl</sup></span><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: underline;"><sup>2</sup></span><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><sup> – HCl </sup></span><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">→ CHCl</span><sub>3</sub><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><sup> Cl</sup></span><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: underline;"><sup>2</sup></span><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><sup> – HCl </sup></span><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">→ CCl</span><sub>4</sub></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3></h3><h3></h3><h4></h4><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Nitration of alkanes</span></b></h3><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">The reaction in which one hydrogen atom of alkanes in replaced by nitro (- NO<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span>) group is called nitration of alkanes. It is carried out in vapour phase, by heating a mixture of an alkane and conc. HNO<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>3</sub></span> at about 423K to 698K.</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">e.g. CH<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>3</sub></span> – CH<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>3</sub></span> + HO – NO<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span> <span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; text-decoration: underline;"><sup> 423 to 698K </sup></span>→ CH<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>3</sub></span> – CH<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span> – NO<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span> + H<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span>O</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"> Ethane Nitroethane</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3></h3><h4></h4><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Combustion of alkanes</span></b></h3><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Alkanes on heating in the presence of <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2023/12/top-10-interesting-facts-about-oxygen.html">air or dioxygen (O<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span>)</a> are completely oxidized to CO<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span> and water with the evolution of large amount of heat.</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">e.g. CH<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>4</sub></span> + 2O<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span> → CO<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span> + 2H<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span>O</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"> Methane</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Δ<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>c</sub></span>Hᵒ = -890KJmol<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sup>-1</sup></span></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><b></b><br /></span></p><h3></h3><h4></h4><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Pyrolysis of alkanes</span></b></h3><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Alkanes on heating at higher temperature in absence of air decompose to give lower alkanes, alkenes and hydrogen etc. this is known as pyrolysis or cracking.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5-oKjBZC0WRF2zhF-DxVYExi-s6nHMaOnvMfznFDQwj6W_RAOAY9Bz2Oh0T5Lq9brFm-cRWNW9AWBmipfSicM-eh4ylF9mzlG4vg7WFh-Bifu0U4PkSoZHQisjVlmeEt5g-ADl-w4DkHxcpplyJG2C9ySYETcZ4UYajdOiNxnUNAaxfjWFkLc3qZXaHnc/s1045/Screenshot%202023-09-28%20at%206.35.09%20PM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><img alt="Pyrolysis of alkanes" border="0" data-original-height="216" data-original-width="1045" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5-oKjBZC0WRF2zhF-DxVYExi-s6nHMaOnvMfznFDQwj6W_RAOAY9Bz2Oh0T5Lq9brFm-cRWNW9AWBmipfSicM-eh4ylF9mzlG4vg7WFh-Bifu0U4PkSoZHQisjVlmeEt5g-ADl-w4DkHxcpplyJG2C9ySYETcZ4UYajdOiNxnUNAaxfjWFkLc3qZXaHnc/w640-h133/Screenshot%202023-09-28%20at%206.35.09%20PM.png" title="Pyrolysis of alkanes" width="640" /></span></a></div><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Reforming of alkanes</span></b></h3><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Alkanes having more than five carbon atoms get cyclized to benzene and its homologues, on heating under 10 to 20 atm. pressure at about 773K in presence of oxides of Cr, V, Mo supported on alumina. This reaction is called aromatization or reforming.</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe-ADhlrjXGO0RYKXF1XrUrNdbzGQ0BnmVurWdD7PNEV7a-_ApDyFxnPWQuUMeJB0u4-_XmmOkCK31ZRYg-fyQGSFxw8xLwtuk44znY0Hdb9uL4PKxBkJtmQSkWNXfwzm00PoaHPJapqF798kLj9Bn3-D9fLmlRQdyBVHvY2YRwh-jPgarXf-rnFMpb0zf/s1231/Screenshot%202023-09-28%20at%206.38.47%20PM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><img alt="aromatization or reforming reaction of hydrocarbons in our hydrocarbon chemistry notes website "Chemistry Notes Info" ChemistryNotesInfo.com" border="0" data-original-height="420" data-original-width="1231" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe-ADhlrjXGO0RYKXF1XrUrNdbzGQ0BnmVurWdD7PNEV7a-_ApDyFxnPWQuUMeJB0u4-_XmmOkCK31ZRYg-fyQGSFxw8xLwtuk44znY0Hdb9uL4PKxBkJtmQSkWNXfwzm00PoaHPJapqF798kLj9Bn3-D9fLmlRQdyBVHvY2YRwh-jPgarXf-rnFMpb0zf/w640-h218/Screenshot%202023-09-28%20at%206.38.47%20PM.png" title="aromatization or reforming reaction of hydrocarbons in our hydrocarbon chemistry notes website "Chemistry Notes Info" ChemistryNotesInfo.com" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;">ALKENES</span></span></b></h2><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Alkenes are aliphatic unsaturated hydrocarbons containing one or more double bonds. The aliphatic unsaturated hydrocarbons are called alkadienes and alkatrienes respectively. Alkenes are also called Olefines (oil forming). The general formula of alkenes is C<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>n</sub></span>H<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2n</sub></span>. </span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Every doubly bonded carbon atom in alkene is sp<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sup>2</sup></span> hybridized and has trigonal planar geometry with bond angles 120<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sup>ᵒ</sup></span>. In alkenes the doubly bonded carbon atoms have one C – C sigma (σ) and one C – C pi (∏) bond. The ∏ bond enthalpy is 284 KJmol<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sup>-1 </sup></span>and that of (σ) bond is 397KJmol. The C = C bond length in ethane is 133 pm.</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">METHOD OF PREPARATION OF ALKENES</span></b></h2><h3></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">From alcohols (by dehydration)</span></b><br /></h3><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Dehydration by concentrated sulphuric acid</span></b></h4><h4></h4><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 72px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">When an alcohol is heated with concentrated sulphuric acid (H<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span>SO<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>4</sub></span>) at about 443K, it loses a water molecule to give corresponding alkene. It is acidic dehydration.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJlso03j87Bfamk6XKwHoEpirs71h0NDcXO3Bb-w4LD1-MUKEzq5Qho368k6XtWESUbwUbgSE1h6OabXvbv2neZm87ZhcPIDM6-zgMRE481WsXOKgI98nnAPorz4zY_tIM9jkJyT-LT8DPkdwi8Qa-V6QYa-0agtJcoez5TLZaIJdCx_LHgT67gKtvfuuB/s1017/METHOD%20OF%20PREPARATION%20OF%20ALKENES.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><img alt="METHOD OF PREPARATION OF ALKENES" border="0" data-original-height="143" data-original-width="1017" height="90" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJlso03j87Bfamk6XKwHoEpirs71h0NDcXO3Bb-w4LD1-MUKEzq5Qho368k6XtWESUbwUbgSE1h6OabXvbv2neZm87ZhcPIDM6-zgMRE481WsXOKgI98nnAPorz4zY_tIM9jkJyT-LT8DPkdwi8Qa-V6QYa-0agtJcoez5TLZaIJdCx_LHgT67gKtvfuuB/w640-h90/METHOD%20OF%20PREPARATION%20OF%20ALKENES.png" title="METHOD OF PREPARATION OF ALKENES" width="640" /></span></a></div><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 72px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Dehydration by alumina</span></b></h4><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 72px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">When vapours of an alcohol are passed over heated alumina at 623K, it gives corresponding alkenes. It is known as vapour phase dehydration of alcohol.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5CXt7KpeQhV0W14G7dwfKykYKyK-_2DyTs-Eoh4ISZ3jXAC2NhHzPetc691uictpjGUC9pdrU1z4xEimF0vLexoOD8-xvu7xExoaVb-E7MBBiEHLqoCGx1cQY2nh2YQ2GDGthhN3weWYFPGMH_GS_0v7Y30w_2s-QdqNmQyO_7fyC9u8ljKOb1qoLl0Ul/s1037/Screenshot%202023-09-28%20at%206.50.48%20PM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><img alt="METHOD OF PREPARATION OF ALKENES from dehydration by alumina" border="0" data-original-height="254" data-original-width="1037" height="157" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5CXt7KpeQhV0W14G7dwfKykYKyK-_2DyTs-Eoh4ISZ3jXAC2NhHzPetc691uictpjGUC9pdrU1z4xEimF0vLexoOD8-xvu7xExoaVb-E7MBBiEHLqoCGx1cQY2nh2YQ2GDGthhN3weWYFPGMH_GS_0v7Y30w_2s-QdqNmQyO_7fyC9u8ljKOb1qoLl0Ul/w640-h157/Screenshot%202023-09-28%20at%206.50.48%20PM.png" title="METHOD OF PREPARATION OF ALKENES from dehydration by alumina" width="640" /></span></a></div><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 72px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">From alkyl halides (By dehydrohalogenation)</span></b></h3><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">When an alkyl halide is boiled with alcoholic alkali it gives corresponding alkene. The order of reactivity of alkyl halides towards dehydrohalogenation is 3ᵒ > 2ᵒ > 1ᵒ and that of halogens is I > Br > Cl.</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"> e.g. CH<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>3</sub></span>-CH<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span>-Br + KOH <u> <span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sup>boil</sup></span> </u>---> CH<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span>=CH<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span> + KBr + H<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span>O<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sup> </sup></span></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"> Ethyle bromide<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Ethyne</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">From vicinal dihalides (By dehalogenation)</span></b></h3><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">The dihalides in which two halogen atoms are attached to the adjacent carbon atoms are called vicinal dihalides when vicinal dihalide is heated with zinc metal in presence of alcohol, it gives alkene.</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"> e.g. Br-CH<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span>-CH<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span>-Br + Zn <u> <span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sup>Alcohol</sup></span> </u>---> CH<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span>=CH<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span> + ZnBr<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"> Ethylene dibromide Ethene</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">From alkynes</span></b></h3><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Alkynes on partial reduction by Lindlar’s catalyst gives alkenes. Lindlar’s catalyst is metallic palladium deposited on calcium carbonate, partially poisoned with lead acetate.</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"> e.g. CH=CH + H<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub><sup> <u> Pd, Lead acetate </u>---></sup></span> CH<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span>=CH<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span> </span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"> Ethene Ethene</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKENES</span></b></h2><ul>
<li style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Alkenes resemble alkanes in most of their physical properties. Ethyne is colourless gas with sickly sweet odour while all other alkenes colourless and odourless.</span></li>
<li style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>First three alkenes are gases, next 14 are liquids and rest higher ones are solids. Alkenes are lighter than water and the density gradually increases with rise in molecules mass.</span></li>
<li style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Alkenes are non – polar or weakly polar compounds and are insoluble in water but soluble in non – polar solvents like benzene, ether, chloroform, etc.</span></li>
<li style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>As in alkanes, boiling point of alkenes increases with increase in molecular mass and decreases with increase in branching.</span></li>
</ul><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKENES</span></b></h2><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Formation of alkanes (Hydrogenation)</span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"> </span></b></h3><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Alkenes on catalytic hydrogenation at about 443K to 453K, under pressure give corresponding alkanes.</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> e.g. CH</span><sub>2</sub><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">=CH</span><sub>2</sub><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> + H</span><sub>2</sub><sup> <u> Raney Ni, Δ </u>----> </sup><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">CH</span><sub>3</sub><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">-CH</span><sub>3</sub></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"> Ethene Ethane</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Formation of vicinal dihalides (Halogenation)</span></b></h3><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Alkenes react with halogens to give vicinal dihalide. The order of reactivity of halogens is Cl<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span> > Br<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span> > I<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span>.</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> e.g. . CH</span><sub>2</sub><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">=CH</span><sub>2 </sub><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">+ Cl</span><sub>2 </sub><sup><u>CCl4 </u>---> </sup><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">Cl-</span><sup> </sup><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">CH</span><sub>2</sub><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">-CH</span><sub>2</sub><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">-Cl</span></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"> Ethene Ethylene dichloride</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Formation of alkyl halides (Hydrohalogenation)</span></b></h3><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Alkenes react with hydrogen halides to give corresponding alkyl halides. In case of symmetrical alkenes, addition of hydrogen halides leads to only one product. However unsymmetrical alkenes give two products. The major product is predicted by following rule.</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><b>Markownikoff’s rule: </b></span></h4><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">When an unsymmetrical reagent is added to an unsymmetrical alkene, the negative part of reagents gets attached to that carbon atom which carries less number of hydrogen atoms.</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><b>Peroxide effect Or anti-Marjownijoff's rule:</b> </span></h4><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">If addition takes place in presence of peroxide then negative part of reagent gets attached to that carbon atom which carries greater number of hydrogen atoms.</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGUe_W-9nkvSQEMjq6jqspyTAIDeFNAX20PgY88dsxU0DmHMKMZi6vApf4C8TfkQ1BQMk2QSQU3ICTcbXEIlUDk3XtQkLZbAH6JApiRA-reY7BgFZ94QNEM5bwme6ZCdAH2k_nPw0sSdjhz1xEHctz9wm4aoCSDWH8cV0tcvyI6vLUKvnfEohm30WhKlfM/s1196/Screenshot%202023-09-28%20at%207.04.19%20PM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><img alt="Peroxide effect Or anti-Marjownijoff's rule" border="0" data-original-height="278" data-original-width="1196" height="149" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGUe_W-9nkvSQEMjq6jqspyTAIDeFNAX20PgY88dsxU0DmHMKMZi6vApf4C8TfkQ1BQMk2QSQU3ICTcbXEIlUDk3XtQkLZbAH6JApiRA-reY7BgFZ94QNEM5bwme6ZCdAH2k_nPw0sSdjhz1xEHctz9wm4aoCSDWH8cV0tcvyI6vLUKvnfEohm30WhKlfM/w640-h149/Screenshot%202023-09-28%20at%207.04.19%20PM.png" title="Peroxide effect Or anti-Marjownijoff's rule" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Addition of sulphuric acid</span></b></h3><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Alkenes react with cold conc. Sulphuric acid to give alkyl hydrogen sulphate which on boiling with water give corresponding alcohol. Addition of alkyl hydrogen sulphate takes place according to morkownikoff’s rule.</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span>CH<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span>=CH<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span> (</span><span>Ethene</span><span>) + H-OSO</span><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>3</sub></span><span>H (Conc.</span><span>) ----> CH</span><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>3</sub></span><span>-CH</span><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span><span>-OSO</span><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>3</sub></span><span>H (</span><span>Ethyl hydrogen sulphate</span><span>) + H-OH </span><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sup><u>boil</u>---></sup></span><span> CH</span><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>3</sub></span><span>-CH</span><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span><span>-OH (</span><span>Ethyl alcohol</span><span>) + H</span><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span><span>SO</span><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>4</sub></span></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Formation of aldehydes and ketones (Ozonolysis)</span></b></h3><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">When a stream of ozonized oxygen is passed through a solution of alkenes in presence of organic solvent, it gives unstable ozonide which on reduction with zinc dust and water give either aldehyde or ketones or mixture of both.</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDJSl6PZVcFL38Jf6wGDxo1PNExqrBT2_ealvJBmMQ4SUJokfKJtEqvANtN89zdvPrxJMaoud2jPihj2VFJ-jUwSCkIItWYlkIGhNFJREm3-y40cwP9Uwv5KJWHEP7ag_nuycQwleX8-8KDMIPcY4qFzvPQFZx6cCxTB8cBTkrT_5UdtVXJo-ITWikU337/s1315/Screenshot%202023-09-28%20at%207.11.27%20PM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><img alt="CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKENES - Formation of aldehydes and ketones (ozonolysis)" border="0" data-original-height="208" data-original-width="1315" height="102" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDJSl6PZVcFL38Jf6wGDxo1PNExqrBT2_ealvJBmMQ4SUJokfKJtEqvANtN89zdvPrxJMaoud2jPihj2VFJ-jUwSCkIItWYlkIGhNFJREm3-y40cwP9Uwv5KJWHEP7ag_nuycQwleX8-8KDMIPcY4qFzvPQFZx6cCxTB8cBTkrT_5UdtVXJo-ITWikU337/w640-h102/Screenshot%202023-09-28%20at%207.11.27%20PM.png" title="CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKENES - Formation of aldehydes and ketones (ozonolysis)" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Formation of glycols : Hydroxylation (Bayer’s test)</span></b></h3><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Alkenes react with cold and dilute alkaline potassium permanganate to give vicinal glycols (1, 2 - diols).</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"> e.g. CH<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span>=CH<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span> + H<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span>O + (O) <span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sup> <u>Alkaline KMnO4</u>---></sup></span> HO-CH<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span>-CH<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span>-OH</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"> ethane Ethylene glycol</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Polymerization</span></b></h3><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Ethene on polymerization at high temperature and pressure in presence of oxygen gives high molecular weight polymer called polythene.</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"> e.g. CH<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span>=CH<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span> <span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sup> ---<u>Polymerization</u>----> </sup></span> –[--CH<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span>-CH<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span>--]- <span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sup> </sup></span></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"> ethane<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Polythene</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">ALKYNES</span></b></h2><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Alkynes are aliphatic unsaturated hydrocarbons containing at least one triple bond. The aliphatic unsaturated hydrocarbons containing two or three carbon – carbon triple bonds in their structure are called alkadiyenes and alkatriynes respectively. The general formula of alkynes is <b>C</b><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>n</sub></b></span><b>H</b><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><sub>2n-2</sub></b></span><b> </b>carbon atom in ethylene is <b>sp</b> hybridized and has linear geometry. </span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span face=""Google Sans", arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(32, 33, 36); color: #202124; text-align: left;">Acetylene also called as ethyne is the chemical compound with the chemical formula C</span><sub style="caret-color: rgb(32, 33, 36); color: #202124; text-align: left;">2</sub><span face=""Google Sans", arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(32, 33, 36); color: #202124; text-align: left;">H</span><sub style="caret-color: rgb(32, 33, 36); color: #202124; text-align: left;">2</sub><span face=""Google Sans", arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(32, 33, 36); color: #202124; text-align: left;"> and have chemical structure H−C≡C−H. Ethyne is a hydrocarbon and it is the simplest </span><span face=""Google Sans", arial, sans-serif" jsaction="click:sKUsF" role="tooltip" style="caret-color: rgb(32, 33, 36); color: #202124; outline: 0px; text-align: left;" tabindex="0"><g-bubble data-ci="" data-du="200" data-tp="5" jsaction="R9S7w:VqIRre;" jscontroller="QVaUhf" jsshadow=""><span class="c5aZPb" data-enable-toggle-animation="true" data-extra-container-classes="ZLo7Eb" data-hover-hide-delay="1000" data-hover-open-delay="500" data-send-open-event="true" data-theme="0" data-ved="2ahUKEwiEhK6yu82BAxXBiFYBHfVHAtUQmpgGegQILRAD" data-width="250" jsaction="vQLyHf" jsname="d6wfac" jsslot="" role="button" style="cursor: pointer; outline: 0px;" tabindex="0"><span class="JPfdse" data-bubble-link="" data-segment-text="alkyne" jsname="ukx3I" style="border-bottom-color: rgba(4, 12, 40, 0.5); border-bottom-style: dashed; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom: 1px dashed rgba(4, 12, 40, 0.5);">alkyne</span></span></g-bubble></span><span face=""Google Sans", arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(32, 33, 36); color: #202124; text-align: left;">. This colorless gas is widely used as a fuel and a chemical building block.</span></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span>The H – C – C bond angle is 180ᵒ and C≡C (823KJmol<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sup>-1</sup></span>) bond length is 120pm. The triply bonded (C</span><span face=""Google Sans", arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(32, 33, 36); color: #202124; text-align: left;">≡C</span><span>) carbon atoms have one C – C sigma (σ) bond and 2 C – C pi (∏) bonds.</span></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">METHOD OF PREPARATION OF ALKYNES</span></b></h2><h3></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">From calcium carbide (Industrial <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2023/10/Methods-of-separation-of-mixtures-into-pure-substances.html">method</a>)</span></b></h3><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Industrially the ethyne is prepared by the reaction of calcium carbide with water.</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"> CaC<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2 </sub></span>+ 2H<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span>O ----> C<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span>H<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2 </sub></span>+ Ca(OH)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">By dehydrohalogenation</span></b></h3><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">From vicinal dihalides</span></b></h4><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 72px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">When vicinal dihalides react with alcoholic solution of potassium hydroxide to form vinyl halide which on further treating with sod amide forms alkyne. </span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 72px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"> e.g.</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 72px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span>Br-CH<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span>-CH<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span>-Br</span><span> (</span><span>Ethylene dibromide</span><span>) + KOH ----> </span><span>CH</span><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span><span>=CH-Br </span><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sup><u>NaNH2</u></sup><sup> <span style="white-space: pre;">---> </span></sup></span><span>CH</span><span>≡</span><span>CH (</span><span>ethyne</span><span>) + NaBr +NH</span><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>3</sub></span></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 72px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">From germinal dihalide</span></b></h4><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 72px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">When germinal dihalide is boiled with alcoholic caustic potash it gives vinyl halide which on heating with sod amide gives acetylene.</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 72px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"> e.g. </span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 72px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">CH-CH(Br)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2 </sub></span>+ KOH <u> <span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sup>Δ</sup></span> </u>---> CH<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span>=CH-Br <span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sup><u>NaNH2</u>---><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span></sup></span>CH≡CH + NaBr +NH<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>3</sub></span></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 72px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">From tetra halide (by dehalogenation)</span></b></h3><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">When acetylene tetra bromide is heated with zinc is presence of alcohol, acetylene is formed.</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span> (Br)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span>-CH-CH-(Br)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2 </sub></span> +<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub> </sub></span> 2Zn <span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sup><u>Alcohol</u>---></sup></span> CH≡CH (</span><span>Ethyne</span><span>) + ZnBr</span><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"> </span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; min-height: 10px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><sub></sub><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKYNES</span></b></h2><ul>
<li style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Alkynes resemble alkanes and alkenes in their physical properties. First three alkynes are gases, next eight are liquids and higher ones are solids.</span></li>
<li style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>All alkynes, except acetylene, are odourless. They are generally more polar and have slightly higher boiling points than corresponding alkanes and alkenes .</span></li>
<li style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>They are less dense than water and are insoluble in water but quite soluble in organic solvents like ether, benzene, etc.</span></li>
</ul><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKYNES</span></b></h2><h3></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Acidic character of alkynes</span></b></h3><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Alkynes react alkali metal sodium to give sodium acetylide with the liberation of hydrogen gas while alkanes as well as alkenes do not react with alkali metals. This reaction explains acidic character of alkynes.</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"> CH≡CH + 2Na <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;">----> </span>2 CH≡C<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sup>-</sup></span>Na<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sup>+</sup></span> + N<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 10px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><sub></sub><br /></span></p><h3></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Formation of alkanes (Hydrogenation)</span></b></h3><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Alkynes on hydrogenation in presence of catalyst like raney Ni to give first alkene which further reaction give alkanes. </span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> CH≡CH (</span></span><span>Ethyne</span><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">) + H</span><sub>2</sub><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><sup><u>Raney nickel Δ</u>---> </sup><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">CH</span><sub>2</sub><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">=CH</span><sub>2</sub><sup> <u>raney nickel H2</u>---> </sup><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">CH</span><sub>3</sub><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">-CH</span><sub>3</sub><span>(Ethane)</span></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Formation of tetra halides (halogenations)</span></b></h3><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Ethyne on halogenations first gives ethyne dichloride which on further reaction gives ethyne tetrachloride.</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span> CH≡CH (</span><span>Ethyne</span><span>) + Cl</span><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></sub></span><span>----> (Cl)</span><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span><span>-CH-CH-(Cl)</span><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2</sub></span></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Formation of aldehydes or ketones (hydration)</span></b></h3><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Alkynes react with water in presence of 40% sulphuric acid and 1% mercuric sulphate to form aldehyde or ketones i.e. carbonyl compounds.</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span> CH≡CH </span><span style="text-indent: 36px;">(</span><span style="text-indent: 36px;">Ethyne</span><span style="text-indent: 36px;">)</span><span> + H-OH</span><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sup> </sup><span style="text-indent: 36px;">----></span><sup> </sup></span><span>CH</span><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>3</sub></span><span>-CHO (</span><span>Acetaldehyde)</span><span> </span></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Formation of benzene (cyclization)</span></b></h3><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"> When ethyne is passed through red hot iron quartz tube at873K, it trimerises to give benzene.</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8IAHGleO9gvQuUGh3AWUY1KJwvLocNeqfA0KDpHonpCz3Sf_1PcmYdPZjOubvniNLzinLb-_lJ0gRQhTmmNyRynoNFxLS_H2YyPLOHx1msKfacBx66FAoO0OfwWzFVq6UogvVN6X736J8fBt2J7yrtuRLqdPSVa0acuYnCzr1wofBlvdtvaPYzzFRulOj/s999/Screenshot%202023-09-28%20at%208.10.01%20PM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><img alt="Formation of benzene (cyclization) from ethyne" border="0" data-original-height="355" data-original-width="999" height="227" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8IAHGleO9gvQuUGh3AWUY1KJwvLocNeqfA0KDpHonpCz3Sf_1PcmYdPZjOubvniNLzinLb-_lJ0gRQhTmmNyRynoNFxLS_H2YyPLOHx1msKfacBx66FAoO0OfwWzFVq6UogvVN6X736J8fBt2J7yrtuRLqdPSVa0acuYnCzr1wofBlvdtvaPYzzFRulOj/w640-h227/Screenshot%202023-09-28%20at%208.10.01%20PM.png" title="Formation of benzene from ethyne" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><h2 style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">AROMATIC COMPOUNDS</span></b></h2><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><b>Benzene and compounds that resembles benzene in their chemical properties are called aromatic compounds or arenes.</b> Aromatic compounds posses pleasant fragrance (Aroma). Benzene is the parent compound in most of the aromatic compounds. Benzene was originally called phene. It is colourless liquid having characteristic odour. </span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Aromatic compounds contain high percentage of carbon and burn with sooty flame. They are cyclic compounds with alternate single and double bonds and are not attacked by normal oxidizing and reducing agents. Aromatic compounds do not undergo addition reactions easily and prefer substitution reaction.</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><b></b><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><b>STRUCTURE OF BENZENE</b><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b></span></span></h2><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">The molecular formula of benzene is C<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>6</sub></span>H<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>6</sub></span>. All six carbon atoms in benzene are sp<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sup>2</sup></span> hybridized. Benzene is a planar molecule with bond angle 120° each and all C-C bond lengths in benzene are equal to 139pm. Benzene has boiling point 353K. It is insoluble in water and soluble in alcohol, ether and chloroform. The structure of benzene is as follows:</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtSzI4zqtdsf72fzYGAHrShjDsuqKBBe2gqXWgyP6IEDYEptB-_mpZNF4qBoPF8DHg54EV-lnKGz2jtrRautXkdGqbrd37APRkUUdlTFlRRfXFtlhitk3S0uC6ikCV7ezWgZW30obvgXadUP-ut25JIg_pi2VXYt7sfobGz7xmUNlSmXOWmG0FRVIjRRna/s1011/STRUCTURE%20OF%20BENZENE.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="STRUCTURE OF BENZENE" border="0" data-original-height="558" data-original-width="1011" height="354" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtSzI4zqtdsf72fzYGAHrShjDsuqKBBe2gqXWgyP6IEDYEptB-_mpZNF4qBoPF8DHg54EV-lnKGz2jtrRautXkdGqbrd37APRkUUdlTFlRRfXFtlhitk3S0uC6ikCV7ezWgZW30obvgXadUP-ut25JIg_pi2VXYt7sfobGz7xmUNlSmXOWmG0FRVIjRRna/w640-h354/STRUCTURE%20OF%20BENZENE.png" title="STRUCTURE OF BENZENE" width="640" /></a></span></div><p></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">AROMATIC CHARACTER (Huckel rule)</span></b></h2><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Huckel rule helps to predict whether a compound is aromatic or not. It states that any cyclic, planar and conjugated compound containing (4n+2)π electrons, where n=0,1,2,3,4… etc. is aromatic compound. Thus aromatic compounds have delocalized electron cloud of π electrons of 2,6,10,14 etc. e.g. Benzene (n=1) has 6π electrons. Naphthalene (n=2) has 10π electrons. </span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">METHODS OF PREPARATION OF BENZENE</span></b></h2><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">From acetylene (by cyclization)</span></b></h3><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"> When ethyne is passed through red hot iron quartz tube at 873K, it trimerises to give benzene.</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6u9zApwn_ay2U43yVxFwga0ueifKCwvU3ShVFQgsZ-rtB8KVzI9r0MOfDtxBwe0HVY6UeY1K433QJW4WXlEVySlCPNUY1-BGezzthy0ed_E4usACmXrHzktuCz34D_6mFJdGpvHSGpG7KT16RvUitGPK3K1vMP6mJpOApg6U1Ysro9ayK898WT0LytGu3/s980/METHODS%20OF%20PREPARATION%20OF%20BENZENE.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><img alt="METHODS OF PREPARATION OF BENZENE" border="0" data-original-height="285" data-original-width="980" height="186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6u9zApwn_ay2U43yVxFwga0ueifKCwvU3ShVFQgsZ-rtB8KVzI9r0MOfDtxBwe0HVY6UeY1K433QJW4WXlEVySlCPNUY1-BGezzthy0ed_E4usACmXrHzktuCz34D_6mFJdGpvHSGpG7KT16RvUitGPK3K1vMP6mJpOApg6U1Ysro9ayK898WT0LytGu3/w640-h186/METHODS%20OF%20PREPARATION%20OF%20BENZENE.png" title="METHODS OF PREPARATION OF BENZENE" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">From sodium benzoate (by decarboxylation)</span></b></h3><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"> When anhydrous sodium benzoate is heated with soda-lime it gives benzene.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJTul7k5r09feKsLYUjCVjnXJShPdNPKpTnUL7etcHH9kY53894_8XGA3BNHV9G8snEuJlhkPB1keJxNFBZFseow3JX1QLw5GvZrNIs1p_0px9X7jvRRul-VjZO4MAR3XuuJoXf_y8rYMQN74tq2iSIq_kP0dzKoCQIv9NrwS4P9o4ScVYsJOaNVlrPMJG/s1371/METHODS%20OF%20PREPARATION%20OF%20BENZENE%20-%20Hydrocarbon.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><img alt="METHODS OF PREPARATION OF BENZENE - Hydrocarbon chemistry notes" border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="1371" height="186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJTul7k5r09feKsLYUjCVjnXJShPdNPKpTnUL7etcHH9kY53894_8XGA3BNHV9G8snEuJlhkPB1keJxNFBZFseow3JX1QLw5GvZrNIs1p_0px9X7jvRRul-VjZO4MAR3XuuJoXf_y8rYMQN74tq2iSIq_kP0dzKoCQIv9NrwS4P9o4ScVYsJOaNVlrPMJG/w640-h186/METHODS%20OF%20PREPARATION%20OF%20BENZENE%20-%20Hydrocarbon.png" title="METHODS OF PREPARATION OF BENZENE - Hydrocarbon chemistry notes" width="640" /></span></a></div><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">From phenol (By reduction)</span></b></h3><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"> When vapour of phenol passed over heated zinc dust, it gives benzene. </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7IIG2hgb7vBUJRSWOwyG_zJ1T8JKKoZfgFSy52lAciK2y0Irn3tSplIVcUU8I8uMd7QY2J_Xn_2JKJkEUiyA0uOISwvZsCf7Bk-AHPbSBev76jRhLIh0WeojHRjeeFcYLbrs_IvuK7IjT9pvHGqBr-tX92IlGEH9cfzKvhwYK-E2NG4ZvUI0o3Mz5Vhrr/s1360/METHODS%20OF%20PREPARATION%20OF%20BENZENE%20from%20phenol%20-%20Hydrocarbon%20chemistry%20notes.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><img alt="METHODS OF PREPARATION OF BENZENE from phenol - Hydrocarbon chemistry notes" border="0" data-original-height="362" data-original-width="1360" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7IIG2hgb7vBUJRSWOwyG_zJ1T8JKKoZfgFSy52lAciK2y0Irn3tSplIVcUU8I8uMd7QY2J_Xn_2JKJkEUiyA0uOISwvZsCf7Bk-AHPbSBev76jRhLIh0WeojHRjeeFcYLbrs_IvuK7IjT9pvHGqBr-tX92IlGEH9cfzKvhwYK-E2NG4ZvUI0o3Mz5Vhrr/w640-h170/METHODS%20OF%20PREPARATION%20OF%20BENZENE%20from%20phenol%20-%20Hydrocarbon%20chemistry%20notes.png" title="METHODS OF PREPARATION OF BENZENE from phenol - Hydrocarbon chemistry notes" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BENZENE</span></b></h2><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Addition reactions</span></b></h3><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Addition of chlorine to Benzene</span></b></h4><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Benzene when treated with chlorine in presence of bright sunlight or UV light, add up three molecules of chlorine to give benzene hexachloride. </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhblkSnRJzxM1veLzsXTiHmNn0NIUIVEIbG0TrRSPgniyXJ6dOfKnL-HrydTWZ_DedYosCMHszI3QmvK5YnWN6v38qx8JxmPvrXxP2Lqb8O6nWNM525JHQ0WVhUsfMOY9XU4n8wxp6KMgqeMpuD0eSQOhg5P8nYIbPqI9i2dUP_SshsEKC3VQMSkc5UTFj3/s1407/CHEMICAL%20PROPERTIES%20OF%20BENZENE.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><img alt="CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BENZENE" border="0" data-original-height="456" data-original-width="1407" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhblkSnRJzxM1veLzsXTiHmNn0NIUIVEIbG0TrRSPgniyXJ6dOfKnL-HrydTWZ_DedYosCMHszI3QmvK5YnWN6v38qx8JxmPvrXxP2Lqb8O6nWNM525JHQ0WVhUsfMOY9XU4n8wxp6KMgqeMpuD0eSQOhg5P8nYIbPqI9i2dUP_SshsEKC3VQMSkc5UTFj3/w640-h208/CHEMICAL%20PROPERTIES%20OF%20BENZENE.png" title="CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BENZENE" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Addition of hydrogen to Benzene</span></b></h4><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Benzene on heating with hydrogen gas in presence of catalyst like nickel at 453K, it adds up hydrogen molecules to give cyclohexane. </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgD_9_EnWM7v_3noWVEtn1npMjb7UCMtA8-C-r3UqJNGKOELwwFNsD4SF3DZKsLHzux_HIwcAyxdD-JJDbE6K2HnvPUBtiZH2rZ-sE6fqogHlDgt3fL5F_-oiSkZu2mRuml0rTcIR9PCyiuphhvSUyWT28c9e6Rdy2Uy5_RCaxxEemQHmN8lRo-irbrE-CY/s1291/CHEMICAL%20PROPERTIES%20OF%20BENZENE%20-%20Addition%20of%20hydrogen.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><img alt="CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BENZENE - Addition of hydrogen - Hydrocarbon" border="0" data-original-height="361" data-original-width="1291" height="178" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgD_9_EnWM7v_3noWVEtn1npMjb7UCMtA8-C-r3UqJNGKOELwwFNsD4SF3DZKsLHzux_HIwcAyxdD-JJDbE6K2HnvPUBtiZH2rZ-sE6fqogHlDgt3fL5F_-oiSkZu2mRuml0rTcIR9PCyiuphhvSUyWT28c9e6Rdy2Uy5_RCaxxEemQHmN8lRo-irbrE-CY/w640-h178/CHEMICAL%20PROPERTIES%20OF%20BENZENE%20-%20Addition%20of%20hydrogen.png" title="CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BENZENE - Addition of hydrogen - Hydrocarbon" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Substitution reaction </span></b></h3><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Halogenation of Benzene</span></b></h4><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Substitution of hydrogen atom of benzene by a halogen atom is called halogenation of benzene. Chlorine Or bromine react with benzene in dark in presence of Fe, FeCl<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>3, </sub></span>AlCl<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>3 </sub></span>or red phosphorus to give chlorobenzene Or bromobenzene. </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjALSfX3j3JUFOhd9oO5McOXAmdeU15qZKfMPhFg-8PEqkmsJZ4MJgciTP0H5J1ZMnpd4jhmi8MiqrfEPTrZPyMKZuf9kFOHd5yjeK49p6dQ2ipvJx4kvIH1aAyxIskzXj9bA-OEYd9nIZXLxZ0F_ZyB_hFJyd0b_Xj6FkmBvsW1iPeFtUsLhyphenhyphenMrAXvCatd/s1221/Halogenation%20of%20Benzene.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><img alt="Halogenation of Benzene - Hydrocarbon chemistry notes by ChemistryNotesInfo.com" border="0" data-original-height="425" data-original-width="1221" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjALSfX3j3JUFOhd9oO5McOXAmdeU15qZKfMPhFg-8PEqkmsJZ4MJgciTP0H5J1ZMnpd4jhmi8MiqrfEPTrZPyMKZuf9kFOHd5yjeK49p6dQ2ipvJx4kvIH1aAyxIskzXj9bA-OEYd9nIZXLxZ0F_ZyB_hFJyd0b_Xj6FkmBvsW1iPeFtUsLhyphenhyphenMrAXvCatd/w640-h222/Halogenation%20of%20Benzene.png" title="Halogenation of Benzene - Hydrocarbon chemistry notes by ChemistryNotesInfo.com" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Nitration </span></b><b style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">of Benzene</span></b></h4><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Nitration is the substitution of - NO<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>2 </sub></span>(nitro) group. When benzene is heated with a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and sulphuric acid in proportion 1:2 (nitrating mixture) at about 313K to 333K, it gives nitrobenzene.</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4ofNhEUtOuyG2a8ivadcRwMJTYm1L1u3fbXYNr1t3GtgdUMZlw47duY9zTrGtTzuRF1ILbgdjl8k761omp3Ymlj6pv_bfM39HsBJYbTMhCSqlnKf_75ADcF2dWQzn2UfJhfUEm_zPsOsxKjAaiSkdvuO2J-O6tjBLyqbqI84xEnyCBy8vHUmAjs4QC6Dr/s1337/Nitration%20of%20Benzene%20-%20Hydrocarbon%20Chemistry%20Notes%20by%20Chemistry%20Notes%20Info%20.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Nitration of Benzene - Hydrocarbons Chemistry Notes by Chemistry Notes Info website" border="0" data-original-height="420" data-original-width="1337" height="202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4ofNhEUtOuyG2a8ivadcRwMJTYm1L1u3fbXYNr1t3GtgdUMZlw47duY9zTrGtTzuRF1ILbgdjl8k761omp3Ymlj6pv_bfM39HsBJYbTMhCSqlnKf_75ADcF2dWQzn2UfJhfUEm_zPsOsxKjAaiSkdvuO2J-O6tjBLyqbqI84xEnyCBy8vHUmAjs4QC6Dr/w640-h202/Nitration%20of%20Benzene%20-%20Hydrocarbon%20Chemistry%20Notes%20by%20Chemistry%20Notes%20Info%20.png" title="Nitration of Benzene - Hydrocarbons Chemistry Notes by Chemistry Notes Info website" width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /><br /></span><p></p><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Sulphonation </span></b><b style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">of Benzene</span></b></h4><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Sulphonation is the substitution of - SO<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>3</sub></span>H<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> (</span>sulphonic acid) group. When benzeblne is heated with fuming sulphuric acid (oleum) at 373K, it gives benzene sulphonic acid. </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtnw6mTfrX2eEWAlUmZ0KNSSEu_OGyhJuz02GgfY_ug43QCswXETopgH_bbd7KNrgKC98qg8h2_RXAGUdDrzJgJXwPpPlt_FzeGus9J7wwGhz27yGqdBNuXj1bEhKoIDVNsdcTzYkS14PtqQK9Xo1bYtM1dYDQZHxJeaPignFJqhuEImYejvTRqXMEapTf/s1361/Sulphonation%20of%20Benzene%20-%20Hydrocarbon%20Science%20Notes.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><img alt="Sulphonation of Benzene - Hydrocarbon Science Notes" border="0" data-original-height="425" data-original-width="1361" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtnw6mTfrX2eEWAlUmZ0KNSSEu_OGyhJuz02GgfY_ug43QCswXETopgH_bbd7KNrgKC98qg8h2_RXAGUdDrzJgJXwPpPlt_FzeGus9J7wwGhz27yGqdBNuXj1bEhKoIDVNsdcTzYkS14PtqQK9Xo1bYtM1dYDQZHxJeaPignFJqhuEImYejvTRqXMEapTf/w640-h200/Sulphonation%20of%20Benzene%20-%20Hydrocarbon%20Science%20Notes.png" title="Sulphonation of Benzene - Hydrocarbon Science Notes" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><b>Friedel – crafts alkylation reaction </b></span><b style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">of Benzene</span></b></h4><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">When benzene is treated with an alkyl halide in the presence of anhydrous <span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">AlCl</span><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>3</sub></span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> it gives alkyl benzene. </span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmTzfmhRJ73wOWSLgZgMEYJqVJL9YAWV19M6aY0ViJOqX1ao9BDPPbHnQJMUMqbPwRvVZrt6AY6y16DJfWTJ17jI2YuroufHUCfypbQZzzyH8Tw-uM5DMrcBv4agaDOsDFhwq8EANgZqEYWN26bWesds9kmVHi5mWYfhC7P9VO70l9AdB8KfvU390n9i7F/s1118/Friedel%20%E2%80%93%20crafts%20alkylation%20reaction%20of%20Benzene%20-%20Hydrocarbon%20notes.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><img alt="Friedel – crafts alkylation reaction of Benzene - Hydrocarbon notes" border="0" data-original-height="347" data-original-width="1118" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmTzfmhRJ73wOWSLgZgMEYJqVJL9YAWV19M6aY0ViJOqX1ao9BDPPbHnQJMUMqbPwRvVZrt6AY6y16DJfWTJ17jI2YuroufHUCfypbQZzzyH8Tw-uM5DMrcBv4agaDOsDFhwq8EANgZqEYWN26bWesds9kmVHi5mWYfhC7P9VO70l9AdB8KfvU390n9i7F/w640-h198/Friedel%20%E2%80%93%20crafts%20alkylation%20reaction%20of%20Benzene%20-%20Hydrocarbon%20notes.png" title="Friedel – crafts alkylation reaction of Benzene - Hydrocarbon notes" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /><span><br /></span></span><p></p><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><b>Friedel – crafts acylation reaction </b></span><b style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">of Benzene</span></b></h4><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">When benzene is heated with acyl halide or acid anhydride, in the presence of anhydrous AlCl<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><sub>3 </sub></span>, it gives corresponding acyl benzene. </span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgh4PtFETDJW_lFk_osZAbbwu97ypj1qhaGuYfJ70aM3I8Vn4c-CQSVzC006ykcp1YCD8Q6nWW1oaA2shFcZcf7wXViB8UtQWBrg7sFBGctGuq5jE6EUqifPQkzG9Gm2hCqM1T__zeYNO2RqnpSfPvIBA_2bIe0IW6bl9OT2p0gs1HNqLBb-_ZCBKMiFBJx/s1388/Friedel%20%E2%80%93%20crafts%20acylation%20reaction%20-%20Hydrocarbons%20notes%20-%20Chemistry%20Science%20notes%20for%20study%20purpose%20and%20revision%20purpose%20by%20ChemistryNotesInfo.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><img alt="Friedel – crafts acylation reaction When benzene is heated with acyl halide or acid anhydride, in the presence of anhydrous AlCl3 , it gives corresponding acyl benzene." border="0" data-original-height="543" data-original-width="1388" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgh4PtFETDJW_lFk_osZAbbwu97ypj1qhaGuYfJ70aM3I8Vn4c-CQSVzC006ykcp1YCD8Q6nWW1oaA2shFcZcf7wXViB8UtQWBrg7sFBGctGuq5jE6EUqifPQkzG9Gm2hCqM1T__zeYNO2RqnpSfPvIBA_2bIe0IW6bl9OT2p0gs1HNqLBb-_ZCBKMiFBJx/w640-h250/Friedel%20%E2%80%93%20crafts%20acylation%20reaction%20-%20Hydrocarbons%20notes%20-%20Chemistry%20Science%20notes%20for%20study%20purpose%20and%20revision%20purpose%20by%20ChemistryNotesInfo.png" title="Friedel – crafts acylation reaction When benzene is heated with acyl halide or acid anhydride, in the presence of anhydrous AlCl3 , it gives corresponding acyl benzene." width="640" /></span></a></div><br /><p></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6735811983892584361.post-81146837425627557372024-01-06T11:44:00.005+05:302024-01-22T16:16:41.809+05:30List of scientific instruments and their uses<div id='product-component-1705920341805'></div>
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<h1 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">List of scientific instruments and their common uses</span></h1><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Dear science enthusiasts! There is a wide range of scientific instruments, each designed for specific purposes in various scientific fields. Here is a list of <a href="https://mysciencestore.com/collections/scientific-instruments">scientific instruments</a> and their common uses:</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">1. <a href="https://mysciencestore.com">Microscope</a>:</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Use: Examining small objects or organisms at a <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2016/08/physical-chemistry.html">microscopic level</a>.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://mysciencestore.com/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="List of scientific instruments and their uses" border="0" data-original-height="1010" data-original-width="991" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhREPhmfrBuXxRR1ADtclFWKFA_WTS3HpJ5gikSbpwUIHOyzPqfdopj3Ums4g2Pu2Vw86k-P1zkt8LxLrr6lnixPaZNiqI_13oygG6Q53sku2svtNY-wzq432w2Zl4LjXeGkCOdLLzQR7r0ymaQZSjggYYsx5aNRUc6TvBFlFren4yVaCPiULhBzhvJttTR/s16000/Screenshot%202024-01-06%20at%2011.44.28%20AM.png" title="List of scientific instruments and their uses" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">2. Telescope:</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Use: Observing distant celestial objects, stars, planets, and galaxies.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">3. Spectrophotometer:</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Use: Analyzing the <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2014/04/bsc2year-electromagnetic-spectrum-uv.html">absorption and emission of light </a>by substances, commonly used in chemistry and biochemistry.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">4. Centrifuge:</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Use: Separating components of a mixture based on their density, often used in biology and chemistry.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">5. <a href="https://mysciencestore.com/products/indoor-thermometer">Thermometer</a>:</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Use: <a href="https://mysciencestore.com/products/non-contact-clinical-thermometer-electronic-thermometer">Measuring temperature</a> in various scientific applications.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">6. Barometer:</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Use: Measuring atmospheric pressure, important in meteorology.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">7. Mass Spectrometer:</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Use: Analyzing the mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles, commonly used in chemistry and biochemistry.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">8. Autoclave:</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Use: Sterilizing equipment and materials in microbiology and medical research.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">9. Geiger-Muller Counter:</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Use: Detecting ionizing radiation, commonly used in nuclear physics and radiology.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">10. Chromatograph (Gas Chromatograph, Liquid Chromatograph):</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Use: Separating and analyzing components of a mixture, widely used in chemistry and biochemistry.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">11. Oscilloscope:</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Use: Displaying and analyzing electronic signals in various fields, including physics and engineering.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">12. DNA Sequencer:</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Use: Determining the sequence of nucleotides in DNA, important in molecular biology and genetics.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">13. pH Meter:</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Use: Measuring the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, commonly used in chemistry and biology.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">14. Fume Hood:</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Use: Providing a controlled environment for working with hazardous or volatile substances in laboratories.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">15. Electron Microscope:</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Use: Examining objects at a very high magnification using electron beams, providing detailed images of structures.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">16. NMR Spectrometer (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance):</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Use: Analyzing the nuclear magnetic properties of atoms, commonly used in chemistry and biochemistry.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">17. X-ray Diffraction Equipment:</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Use: Determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, widely used in materials science and biology.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">18. Sonicating Bath:</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Use: Applying ultrasonic waves for tasks such as cleaning, emulsifying, and degassing liquids.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">19. Infrared Spectrometer:</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Use: Analyzing the absorption of infrared radiation by substances, used in chemistry and material science.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">20. Incubator:</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Use: Providing a controlled environment for the cultivation of microorganisms and cell cultures.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">This list contains only few instruments name and their use. There are numerous specialized instruments designed for specific scientific disciplines and research areas. Additionally, advancements in technology lead to the development of new instruments to enhance scientific exploration and discovery.</span></p>
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</script>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6735811983892584361.post-41849251502363474012024-01-01T12:01:00.004+05:302024-01-01T12:03:29.459+05:30MCQs on Transition Elements - Elements of Group 3 to 12 <h1 style="text-align: center;">MCQs on Transition Elements - Elements of Group 3 to 12 </h1><p>Dear <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2023/09/chemistry-notes.html">chemistry</a> students let's solve the MCQs on Transition Elements - Elements of Group 3 to 12. Just solve the Quiz and select the answer and you can also check the correct answer by clicking on 'Show Answer' button. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://mysciencestore.com/design/pod-vXmfu8QtOlqprVm" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="MCQs on Transition Elements - Elements of Group 3 to 12" border="0" data-original-height="2560" data-original-width="2560" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh23iH2yA_n-6YT1tLSdvwSzEEq73aIJ8Ec0_lzqEL_1vC1KZ626dSgkWmDnaFTZTD_DE68BNJAD8KrigCKtQsxPFk0qpaW8zHB8JMSY_Nqf5Aj2p0Vq25VYbzIoEdAoM8nuvbVH66ogTqNXVow7QjVLNVHF2gS9cUndiRaekOOgtDvYwN5-YrdpEeYBgen/s16000/Good%20Luck%20Tree.png" title="MCQs on Transition Elements - Elements of Group 3 to 12" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
MCQ-1.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> Transition elements are :</h4>
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> s-block <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> p-block <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> d-block <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> none of the three <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<button onclick="myFunction1()">Show Answer</button><br />
<div id="Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info1"></div>
</blockquote>
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</script>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
MCQ-2.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> The number of unpaired electrons in ferrous ion is :</h4>
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> 2 <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> 3 <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> 4 <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> 5 <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<div id="Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info2"></div>
</blockquote>
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</script>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
MCQ-3.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> Cr has electronic configuration :</h4>
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> 3s<sup>2</sup>3p<sup>6</sup>3d<sup>4</sup>4s<sup>2</sup> <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> 3s<sup>2</sup>3p<sup>6</sup>3d<sup>5</sup>4s<sup>1</sup> <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> 3s<sup>2</sup>3p<sup>6</sup>3d<sup>6</sup> <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> None of these <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<button onclick="myFunction3()">Show Answer</button><br />
<div id="Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info3"></div>
</blockquote>
<script>
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document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info3").innerHTML = "QUIZ CORRECT ANSWER: 3s<sup>2</sup>3p<sup>6</sup>3d<sup>5</sup>4s<sup>1</sup> ";
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</script>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
MCQ-4.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> Highest ( + 7) oxidation state is shown by :</h4>
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> Co <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> Cr <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> V <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> Mn <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<div id="Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info4"></div>
</blockquote>
<script>
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</script>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
MCQ-5.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> The most stable oxidation state of chromium is :</h4>
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> + 5 <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> + 3 <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> + 2 <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> + 4 <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<button onclick="myFunction5()">Show Answer</button><br />
<div id="Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info5"></div>
</blockquote>
<script>
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document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info5").innerHTML = "QUIZ CORRECT ANSWER: + 3 ";
document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info5").style.color = "green";}
</script>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
MCQ-6.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> Which of the following has the maximum number of unpaired d electrons ? :</h4>
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> Zn <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> Fe<sup>2+</sup> <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> Ni<sup>3+</sup> <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> Cu<sup>+</sup> <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<button onclick="myFunction6()">Show Answer</button><br />
<div id="Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info6"></div>
</blockquote>
<script>
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document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info6").style.color = "green";}
</script>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
MCQ-7.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> Chromium dissolves in dil. H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> to form [Cr(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>2+</sup>. The colour of the ion is :</h4>
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> blue <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> green <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> yellow <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> orange <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<button onclick="myFunction7()">Show Answer</button><br />
<div id="Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info7"></div>
</blockquote>
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</script>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
MCQ-8.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> Which is most reactive metal ? :</h4>
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> Fe <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> Pt <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> Ni <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> Co <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<button onclick="myFunction8()">Show Answer</button><br />
<div id="Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info8"></div>
</blockquote>
<script>
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</script>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
MCQ-9.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> Which one of the following is an example of non-typical transition elements ? :</h4>
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> Li, K, Na <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> Zn, Cd, Hg <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> Be, Al, Pb <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> Ba, Ga, Sr <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<button onclick="myFunction9()">Show Answer</button><br />
<div id="Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info9"></div>
</blockquote>
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</script>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
MCQ-10.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> Blister copper is :</h4>
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> Ore of Cu <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> Pure Cu <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> Alloy of Cu <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> Cu containing 1% impurity <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<button onclick="myFunction10()">Show Answer</button><br />
<div id="Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info10"></div>
</blockquote>
<script>
function myFunction10() {
document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info10").innerHTML = "QUIZ CORRECT ANSWER: Cu containing 1% impurity ";
document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info10").style.color = "green";}
</script>
<p> Thanks! Now take a break with a cup of <span style="color: #0000ee;"><u>Coffee!</u></span></p>Jitendra Singh Sandhuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06312843500177958082noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6735811983892584361.post-66445709489617335662023-12-30T21:16:00.005+05:302023-12-30T21:16:51.217+05:30Caffeine Elegance: Express Your Love for Coffee<h1 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">Caffeine Elegance: Express Your Love for Coffee</span></h1><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Indulge your passion for coffee with our exclusive "<a href="https://mysciencestore.com/design/pod-6tcUzy54poekW1R">Caffeine Elegance" T-shirt</a> — the perfect blend of style and caffeine-infused charisma. Crafted for the modern coffee aficionado, this male round neck half-sleeve tee is a must-have for those who savor every sip of their favorite brew.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://mysciencestore.com/design/pod-6tcUzy54poekW1R" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Caffeine Elegance: Express Your Love for Coffee" border="0" data-original-height="5000" data-original-width="4000" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkHUv_lEkx_HvSWZHtriZnakW1FjGddTziPmodvngwcjH3r-kbQPIaapWbo2ZarW9LDfEfl5xk67g13AL7k9Lj0qV_Zpl0axOii3trdIFjiR2POeNx-QxqtjfzvKXJeLkGAj73v_cHgWJOouIZhKxfKsvQDQ3BneqV5RrGpP1H7RovGaUdzF8jxQEG3SC8/s16000/Coffee%20Lovers%20(2).png" title="Caffeine Elegance: Express Your Love for Coffee" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Caffeine Molecule Embellishment</span></h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Adorning the chest with finesse, the intricately designed caffeine molecule takes center stage. 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Whether you're enjoying a quiet moment with your coffee or embarking on a caffeine-fueled adventure, this tee is your reliable companion.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><b>Subtle Embroidered Detailing</b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">The coffee-inspired detailing doesn't end with the caffeine molecule. Subtle embroidery along the sleeves and neckline adds a touch of sophistication, turning a casual tee into a statement piece for coffee enthusiasts.</span></p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Versatile Half Sleeves:</span></h3><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Designed with versatility in mind, the half sleeves offer a laid-back and stylish look, making it suitable for various occasions. 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box-sizing: border-box;" target="_blank"><div class="sc-ehUVza cOMKbN" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; padding-bottom: 4px; position: relative; width: 28px;"><img alt="Spotify Logo" height="28" src="https://d1f8ha51vzawnk.cloudfront.net/images/podcast/logo-square/006/spotify.png" srcset="//d1f8ha51vzawnk.cloudfront.net/images/podcast/logo-square/006/spotify.png 1x, //d1f8ha51vzawnk.cloudfront.net/images/podcast/logo-square/006/spotify@2x.png 2x" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" width="28" /></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div></a><a class="Link-sc-k8gsk-0 jAcOPG" data-encore-id="textLink" href="https://anchor.fm/s/e6eb7378/podcast/rss" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box;" target="_blank"><div class="sc-ehUVza cOMKbN" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; padding-bottom: 4px; position: relative; width: 28px;"><svg height="28" viewbox="0 0 28 28" width="28" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g fill-rule="evenodd" fill="none"><rect fill="#FE8A4C" height="28" rx="6" width="28"></rect><path d="M6.822 18.5361504c.74088889 0 1.36666667.2645781 1.87755556.7932873.51866666.5139607.77777777 1.1398755.77777777 1.877074 0 .7371984-.25911111 1.3666886-.77777777 1.888247-.51088889.5139608-1.13666667.7707177-1.87755556.7707177-.73355556 0-1.35555556-.2567569-1.86666667-.7707177-.51088889-.5215584-.76644444-1.1508251-.76644444-1.888247 0-.737422.25555555-1.3633368.76644444-1.877074.51133334-.5289327 1.13311111-.7932873 1.86666667-.7932873zm-2.54422222-6.9831622c.17022222-.1937408.38488889-.3054714.644-.3351918v-.011173h1.08888889c2.97044444 0 5.51133333 1.0576418 7.62244443 3.1731489 2.1111111 2.1003117 3.1775556 4.6441939 3.2 7.6309762v1.0614406h-.0113333c-.0222222.2382097-.1184445.4431236-.2891111.6145183-.1702223.1713947-.3775556.2719523-.622.3018961v.011173h-1.8555556c-.2595555-.0073742-.4853333-.0969821-.678-.2681534-.1926667-.1861432-.3037778-.4058055-.3333333-.6592105h-.0113334v-1.0614407h.0113334c-.0222222-1.9291404-.7148889-3.5791778-2.0777778-4.9494419-1.38533333-1.3633367-3.03733333-2.0446699-4.95577778-2.0446699h-.04355555v.0111731H4.92177778v-.0111731c-.23688889-.0299438-.44444445-.126479-.622-.2904995-.17066667-.1713947-.26311111-.379884-.27777778-.6256913H4v-1.8661244c.01466667-.2607792.10711111-.4880393.27777778-.6815567zM4 6.89382242v-1.877074c.01466667-.26077921.10711111-.48803924.27777778-.68155663.17022222-.19374086.38488889-.30547145.644-.33519179h1.08888889C10.9515556 4 15.1813333 5.75774572 18.6995556 9.27368409 22.2182222 12.7967732 23.9848889 17.0425358 24 22.0109719v1.0614407h-.0113333c-.0295556.2382096-.1257778.4431235-.2891111.6145183-.1702223.1713947-.3775556.2719522-.622.301896V24h-1.8553334c-.2595555-.0073742-.4853333-.0969822-.678-.2681534-.1926666-.1861432-.3037778-.4058056-.3333333-.6592105h-.0113333v-1.0614407h.0113333c-.0146667-3.918392-1.4108889-7.2627121-4.1886667-10.0336309-2.7704444-2.78589066-6.10755553-4.17872426-10.01133331-4.17872426h-.04422222v.01117306H4.92177778v-.01117306c-.23688889-.02256958-.44444445-.11910482-.622-.29049955-.17066667-.1716182-.26311111-.37630865-.27777778-.61451827H4z" fill-rule="nonzero" fill="#FFF"></path></g></svg></div></a></div></div><div class="sc-PAYoq kRRYox" style="background-color: white; border-radius: 8px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 0px 0px 24px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: CircularSp, CircularSp-Arab, CircularSp-Hebr, CircularSp-Cyrl, CircularSp-Grek, CircularSp-Deva, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; overflow: hidden;"><div class="sc-bTllmR dzCxvm" data-cy="episodePlayer" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="sc-gOqvNp kUtGXV" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: relative;"><div class="sc-gkRewV kTRmgL" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; max-height: 161px;"></div></div></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6735811983892584361.post-47616836865847003232023-12-25T13:13:00.004+05:302023-12-25T14:33:56.499+05:30Time Difference Calculator<h1 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">Time Difference Calculator</span></h1><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">This is a simple time difference <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/search/label/Calculator">calculator</a>, in which you have to provide start date and start time then end date and end time. After providing This information click on Calculate Time button. As you click on calculate time button, you will get result in two ways. In first row you will get time difference in years, months, days, hours and minutes. This is good for those who want to know big time difference. While second row provide time difference as total hours and minutes. This is good for those who want to know comparatively smaller time difference. </span></p>
<div id="calculator">
<label>Start Date:</label>
<input id="startDate" type="date" />
<label>Start Time:</label>
<input id="startTime" type="time" />
<label>End Date:</label>
<input id="endDate" type="date" />
<label>End Time:</label>
<input id="endTime" type="time" />
<button onclick="calculateTime()">Calculate Time</button>
<div id="result"></div>
</div>
<style>
#calculator {
max-width: 400px;
margin: 0 auto;
padding: 20px;
border: 1px solid #ccc;
border-radius: 8px;
background-color: #f8f8f8;
font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
text-align: center;
margin: 20px;
}
input, button {
margin-bottom: 10px;
padding: 8px;
width: 100%;
box-sizing: border-box;
}
button {
background-color: #4caf50;
color: white;
cursor: pointer;
}
#result {
margin-top: 20px;
font-weight: bold;
}
</style>
<script>
function calculateTime() {
const startDate = new Date(`${document.getElementById('startDate').value}T${document.getElementById('startTime').value}`);
const endDate = new Date(`${document.getElementById('endDate').value}T${document.getElementById('endTime').value}`);
const timeDifference = endDate - startDate;
const years = Math.floor(timeDifference / (365 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000));
const months = Math.floor((timeDifference % (365 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000)) / (30 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000));
const days = Math.floor((timeDifference % (30 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000)) / (24 * 60 * 60 * 1000));
const hours = Math.floor((timeDifference % (24 * 60 * 60 * 1000)) / (60 * 60 * 1000));
const minutes = Math.floor((timeDifference % (60 * 60 * 1000)) / (60 * 1000));
const totalResult = `${years} years, ${months} months, ${days} days, ${hours} hours, ${minutes} minutes`;
const hoursResult = Math.floor(timeDifference / (60 * 60 * 1000));
const minutesResult = Math.floor((timeDifference % (60 * 60 * 1000)) / (60 * 1000));
const hoursAndMinutesResult = `${hoursResult} hours, ${minutesResult} minutes`;
document.getElementById('result').innerHTML = `
<div>${totalResult}</div>
<div>${hoursAndMinutesResult}</div>
`;
}
</script>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><a href="https://mysciencestore.com/design/pod-gNk8zZNlBGZMeQq" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Time Difference Calculator" border="0" data-original-height="3560" data-original-width="3560" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj88tk_2qWvNOVq92IffeSVU1jSt9n_PEgKDYlQetlfRibFcF8naRob5PezgCrXs1Vx8sgMISZWeSZiQ-jgWgzW-FCsvS3GF_SQ7TCf1RdAJP8kgw62VgbERtuJhyphenhyphen3dO1jE4Ql7yZqmeu5k0PZ1VSUWxP9bBCcLcs33BUutg8vUXvUUQ9HdAPDE6SudL6ts/w640-h640/Value%20Your%20Time.png" title="Time Difference Calculator" width="640" /></a></div><br /><h2 style="text-align: left;">Value Your Time</h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Valuing your time is a cornerstone of </span>your<span style="font-family: inherit;"> personal effectiveness and </span>fulfilment<span style="font-family: inherit;">. Time, once spent, is irretrievable, making it one of our most precious resources. Recognizing the inherent value of each moment encourages a mindful approach to how we allocate our hours and minutes. By prioritizing tasks, setting goals, and managing distractions, we not only become more productive but also create room for meaningful experiences. Time invested wisely contributes to personal growth, professional success, and the cultivation of enriching relationships. Embracing the notion that time is a finite asset prompts individuals to make purposeful choices, fostering a sense of accomplishment and satisfaction in the journey of life.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://mysciencestore.com/design/pod-AnArT3IOIea15d7" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3560" data-original-width="3560" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS0Th3L600sFi3-C5d5mnD0lwWZjJxuOAm3LNHSg1aj8jdRi4VEL8L1sCU5_qDjqJkulQ0e-s8COdZIrSQeq1npDQNtkwf3VsllTbxFmdyM3c-N9aqClBQPU1-gFuYwcns-Jogw4Zk3AcpXjzBtlbvltOsX6dlWnF8oHiK5zVlTvtYe5re6OBeFK_kHlwQ/w640-h640/Respect%20your%20time.png" width="640" /></a></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></p>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6735811983892584361.post-43997696476854319732023-12-24T15:42:00.007+05:302023-12-25T15:20:18.091+05:30Investment SIP Calculator<h1 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">Investment SIP Calculator</span></h1><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">With this <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/search/label/Calculator">calculator</a>, you can calculate total amount of money you will get by <a href="https://www.sandhuvalueinvesting.com/">investing</a> some amount of money monthly in SIP mode at expected annual return for investment period. You can also suggestion regarding importance of investing from world famous investors. This investment calculator helps you to make investment decision to achieve your future financial goal. </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/search/label/Calculator" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Investment SIP Calculator" border="0" data-original-height="2572" data-original-width="6000" height="274" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbaDTC7DvvOYJEsCOym2vmO52_lHYQaJhpsxs4ywVvNIK8gX6D7M8TiBhyM09aEzZUTANrvTZ3RgK9uQsersOHw8Wigo1G9ivuDywpnRHTL7ZIIiMhSWjKeCHqRy7N8r5hwhbeWhO7fZ_82WnmfURz6KmTkTu8ARAsYypnBfOvw4uX8W8YXlJCnQ-yoDhQ/w640-h274/investment%20sip%20Calculator%20(1).png" title="Investment SIP Calculator" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>
<div id="calculator" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-radius: 10px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 0px 0px 15px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 400px; padding: 20px;">
<h2 style="color: #333333; text-align: center;">SIP Investment Calculator</h2>
<label style="color: #555555;">Monthly Investment:</label>
<input id="investment" style="border-radius: 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 10px; width: 100%;" type="number" />
<label style="color: #555555;">Expected Annual Return (%):</label>
<input id="rate" style="border-radius: 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 10px; width: 100%;" type="number" />
<label style="color: #555555;">Investment Period (Years):</label>
<input id="years" style="border-radius: 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 10px; width: 100%;" type="number" />
<button onclick="calculateSIP()" style="background-color: #4caf50; border-radius: 5px; border: none; color: white; cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto; padding: 10px 20px;">Calculate</button>
<h3 style="color: #555555; margin-top: 20px;">Result:</h3>
<p id="result" style="color: #333333; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"></p>
<p id="resultInWords" style="color: #555555; margin-top: 10px; text-align: center;"></p>
<p id="hints" style="color: #555555; margin-top: 20px; text-align: center;"></p>
<p id="quote" style="color: #777777; font-style: italic; margin-top: 20px; text-align: center;"></p>
<script>
function calculateSIP() {
var investment = parseFloat(document.getElementById('investment').value);
var rate = parseFloat(document.getElementById('rate').value);
var years = parseFloat(document.getElementById('years').value);
var monthlyRate = rate / 1200;
var months = years * 12;
var sipAmount = investment * ((Math.pow(1 + monthlyRate, months) - 1) / monthlyRate) * (1 + monthlyRate);
var resultElement = document.getElementById('result');
var resultInWordsElement = document.getElementById('resultInWords');
var hintsElement = document.getElementById('hints');
resultElement.textContent = 'Total Amount: ' + sipAmount.toFixed(2);
// Result in words
var resultInWords = 'Your investment of $' + investment.toFixed(2) + ' per month with an expected annual return of ' + rate + '% for ' + years + ' years will yield a total amount of $' + sipAmount.toFixed(2) + '.';
resultInWordsElement.textContent = resultInWords;
// Investment Hints
var hints = 'Invest consistently, stay invested for the long term, and review your portfolio periodically to maximize returns.';
hintsElement.textContent = hints;
// Motivational Quote
var quotes = [
"The stock market is filled with individuals who know the price of everything, but the value of nothing. - Philip Fisher",
"In investing, what is comfortable is rarely profitable. - Robert Arnott",
"The stock market is a device for transferring money from the impatient to the patient. - Warren Buffett"
];
var randomQuote = quotes[Math.floor(Math.random() * quotes.length)];
var quoteElement = document.getElementById('quote');
quoteElement.textContent = randomQuote;
}
</script>
</div>
Jitendra Singh Sandhuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06312843500177958082noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6735811983892584361.post-34194914186529688872023-12-24T13:51:00.014+05:302023-12-25T15:22:26.597+05:30Loan EMI Calculator<h1 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Loan EMI Calculator</span></h1><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">With this Loan EMI Calculator, you can <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/search/label/Calculator">calculate</a> your future loan EMIs that you have to pay in future for total loan amount that you get at fixed interest rate for given loan period. Just click on Calculate button to know your future <a href="https://www.sandhuvalueinvesting.com/">loan EMI</a>.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/search/label/Calculator" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Loan EMI Calculator" border="0" data-original-height="2572" data-original-width="6000" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqAeZAyal227tSrYTnfRkm0n-JKeKDt4j3dmTOyxdUs40s2msItl58CANbQz547zHxD6quxd94qbNQGGr90dS1cfXKiUwCo1EoFseDVMPoGgpgrxBW0E1tJnyo4NgYU09sWqRBimpxKCX2pDDSDp7MhJwUXqvhUqmlYzUurT9L9kb_sKhTf7_tau8meN-6/s16000/Loan%20EMI%20Calculator.png" title="Loan EMI Calculator" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p>
<div style="margin: 20px; text-align: center;">
<style>
.loan-calculator {
background-color: #3498db;
border-radius: 10px;
box-shadow: 0 0 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);
padding: 20px;
width: 300px;
text-align: center;
color: #fff;
font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif;
margin: 20px auto;
}
label {
display: block;
margin-top: 10px;
font-size: 1.2em;
}
input {
width: 100%;
padding: 10px;
margin-top: 5px;
margin-bottom: 15px;
border: none;
border-radius: 5px;
font-size: 1em;
color: #666; /* Light color text as a hint */
}
button {
width: 100%;
padding: 10px;
background-color: #2ecc71;
color: #fff;
border: 2px;
border-radius: 5px;
cursor: pointer;
font-size: 1.2em;
}
button:hover {
background-color: #27ae60;
}
#result {
margin-top: 20px;
font-size: 1.2em;
color: #fff;
}
</style>
<div class="loan-calculator">
<label>Loan Amount:</label>
<input id="loanAmount" required="" type="number" />
<label>Interest Rate (%):</label>
<input id="interestRate" required="" type="number" />
<label>Loan Term (months):</label>
<input id="loanTerm" required="" type="number" />
<button onclick="calculateEMI()">Calculate EMI</button>
<div id="result">
<p id="monthlyPayment">Monthly Payment: </p>
<p id="numPayments">Number of Payments: </p>
<p id="totalPayments">Total Payments: </p>
<p id="totalInterest">Total <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interest">Interest</a>: </p>
</div>
</div>
<script>
function calculateEMI() {
let loanAmount = parseFloat(document.getElementById('loanAmount').value);
let interestRate = parseFloat(document.getElementById('interestRate').value);
let loanTerm = parseFloat(document.getElementById('loanTerm').value);
if (isNaN(loanAmount) || isNaN(interestRate) || isNaN(loanTerm) || loanAmount <= 0 || interestRate <= 0 || loanTerm <= 0) {
document.getElementById('result').innerHTML = 'Please enter valid values.';
return;
}
let monthlyInterest = interestRate / 100 / 12;
let numPayments = loanTerm;
let denominator = Math.pow(1 + monthlyInterest, -numPayments);
let monthlyPayment = (loanAmount * monthlyInterest) / (1 - denominator);
let totalPayments = monthlyPayment * numPayments;
let totalInterest = totalPayments - loanAmount;
document.getElementById('monthlyPayment').innerText = 'Monthly Payment: ' + monthlyPayment.toFixed(2);
document.getElementById('numPayments').innerText = 'Number of Payments: ' + numPayments;
document.getElementById('totalPayments').innerText = 'Total Payments: ' + totalPayments.toFixed(2);
document.getElementById('totalInterest').innerText = 'Total Interest: ' + totalInterest.toFixed(2);
}
</script>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6735811983892584361.post-75417130904117776972023-12-24T12:55:00.011+05:302023-12-25T15:22:54.608+05:30Math Calculator<p> Maths Calculator</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/search/label/Calculator"><img alt="Math Calculator" border="0" data-original-height="686" data-original-width="780" height="563" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQdYK8R5ug6w_LBj3gofhv-LbgWwE3Z-ooEET9H_OpV6ulmBsZ_OMEvgG9YFs0lvJPZI5hFxeYziGjE6PtHimN9x9xaV17V7XtIjuhw1klAGHVCwdG4CCbyKWeQvn9a4baDaghbIByOUCUh0xpgCEgnS5iWWLCj3sTwx-5rrBJBJiyglg3MtmyDIjlX-oc/w640-h563/Math%20Calculator.png" title="Math Calculator" width="640" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/search/label/Calculator">Image of Math Calculator</a></td></tr></tbody></table><p>This math calculator performs simple maths calculations. To start using this maths calculator, use below math calculator.</p><p><br /></p>
<div style="margin: 20px; text-align: center;">
<style>
.calculator {
background-color: #333;
border-radius: 10px;
box-shadow: 0 0 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);
padding: 20px;
width: 300px;
text-align: center;
color: #fff;
font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif;
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6735811983892584361.post-1593771424135827062023-12-24T11:49:00.004+05:302023-12-25T15:23:26.180+05:30Word Counter<h1 style="text-align: center;"> Word Counter</h1><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">With this word counter <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/search/label/Calculator">tool</a>, you can count total number of words in the paragraph. Just copy paste or enter your text/paragraph in below box, then you will get <span style="background-color: white; text-align: center;">Total Words, T</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: center;">otal Characters (with spaces), </span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: center;">Total Characters (without spaces), </span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: center;">Total Sentences. </span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdbS8cHbaGOLYw2s9yXeu3hjjPO4haNNvnWupeuJ37xB7ZzAzP5Fy55do1S40b-_91unYd8YWit1R6yq9v9axKTjTU5SoXDqtM_nnW6hX5v1qtuttPTtEqVPNFsHOU4NIarM9ktQ6KzhCBilqefhaJ-P9WqTbJDpNlx8YEyjYY726UxbeHb2Xw7OjgqjLF/s5000/My%20Science%20Store%20Logo.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="5000" data-original-width="5000" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdbS8cHbaGOLYw2s9yXeu3hjjPO4haNNvnWupeuJ37xB7ZzAzP5Fy55do1S40b-_91unYd8YWit1R6yq9v9axKTjTU5SoXDqtM_nnW6hX5v1qtuttPTtEqVPNFsHOU4NIarM9ktQ6KzhCBilqefhaJ-P9WqTbJDpNlx8YEyjYY726UxbeHb2Xw7OjgqjLF/w640-h640/My%20Science%20Store%20Logo.png" width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /><span style="background-color: white; text-align: center;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p><br /></p>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6735811983892584361.post-25358519958093294502023-12-24T11:18:00.003+05:302023-12-25T15:23:56.588+05:30Get 10000 strong Passwords in a click<h1 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">Get 10000 strong Passwords in a click</span></h1><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">With this tool, you can <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/search/label/Calculator">generate</a> strong passwords. Just press a button labelled "Generate Passwords" that, when clicked, will generate 10,000 strong passwords. Each generated password contains at least one small letter, one capital letter, one number, and one special character. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://mysciencestore.com/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2000" data-original-width="1600" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCUfHlbWmxMchIUwxHisLs6fDms0sY-5Drvrpn4ULcmAhG-1-YQ3AZ6jW2Min6ImW102IQU4XOLTsvMbjI2h_PzVEFBuNIf7TirqtOoKvbmaxFXinNdFEm9t8v2j_e2loUib6eFyJQZxxEsXypjIl9Xki2_3FNOlhbxnBN_-8KQ2dMiJNvRvYEAjIGsfwK/w512-h640/ai-girl-sweatshirt-mockup-0032.png" width="512" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><p><br /></p>
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<h1>Password Generator</h1>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6735811983892584361.post-46531427462055591792023-12-24T10:44:00.004+05:302023-12-25T15:24:36.829+05:30Reverse Text Generator<h1 style="text-align: center;"> Reverse Text Generator</h1><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Reverse test generator is a good tool for fun and to generate reverse text. Copy pastes or enter text in first box then press 'Reverse Text' <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/search/label/Calculator">generator</a> button. After clicking this button, you will get text in reversed direction. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://mysciencestore.com/product/BPD-1598-2EDE-4E63" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Reverse Text Generator" border="0" data-original-height="2000" data-original-width="1600" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY9VjBI73fSPqyzqJFr3A8mx6SOplcADJr9okBxk7bK82iO4PMuNZE_laP32A3VNaXTUOTLh9g3kGkmBItGy0Jwp42ujxWVe-10TUMhtuKnTKEXQaKi7KXJa-6QrlZ6OEeKLKpBUMBJPfJ3yB3g018hyphenhyphenrINxzFVpw2SFeOfRwd95f55sysLSC33uFyKDo0/w512-h640/cool-woman-sweatshirt-mockup-0049.png" title="Reverse Text Generator" width="512" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p>
<style>
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<h1>Reverse Text Generator</h1>
<label for="originalText">Enter Text:</label>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6735811983892584361.post-91767400801042528382023-12-22T18:11:00.003+05:302023-12-22T19:18:52.093+05:3021 Famous Biotechnology Scientists and their Inventions<p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Famous Biotechnology Scientists and their Inventions</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Biotechnology is a broad field of science that involves the use of biological systems, organisms, or derivatives to develop or create new products or processes for various applications. Biotechnology combines the principles from biology, <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2016/08/chemistry.html">chemistry</a>, genetics, and other disciplines of science, to manipulate living organisms or their components to solve problems, create innovations, or improve existing processes. </span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Applications of biotechnology includes the genetic engineering, <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/search/label/Pharma%20Updates">pharmaceuticals</a>, agriculture, environmental management, and more. The field continually evolves, contributing to advancements in medicine, <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/search/label/Health">food</a> production, and industrial processes. </span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Recent Covid-19 pandemic, a global outbreak of a contagious disease by Coronavirus (SARS CoV-2 virus) that affects people across multiple countries or continents is cured by recombinant vaccines </span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">developed</span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> by utilizing biotechnology knowledge & principles. <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/search/label/Scientists%20and%20their%20inventions">Scientists</a> </span>developed<span style="font-family: inherit;"> vaccines and many other medicines to save our life. </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaD6VCAJuyA4VfuQw03h" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="21 Famous Biotechnology Scientists and their Inventions" border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1080" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFKce_XmX8VJ7cI3BG5YT4v7ytsn7ttxIPRvELhVFjgcjrhLFEOgAQgEneAWUbxrGaW3FpG5P79B9fXYjJZUgjXrgNKauKKjPI9Noiv5vHxN9CvlK6Ec_suvHCakgXYGvEFpmJXAh5_B-8FeyceCdMmgILsifdSRgy3MEew99KG3qIkPWpXdGb1ayNRXLH/s16000/21%20Famous%20Biotechnology%20Scientists%20and%20their%20Inventions.png" title="21 Famous Biotechnology Scientists and their Inventions" /></a></span></div><p></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">List of 21 Famous Biotechnology Scientists Names and their Inventions</span></h2><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">These f<span style="text-align: left;">amous biotechnology <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2017/04/famous-scientists-and-their-inventions.html">scientists and their inventions</a></span> have had a profound impact on biotechnology, shaping the field's progress and applications.</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"></p><ol><li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><b>Paul Berg: </b>Developed recombinant DNA technology, a fundamental breakthrough in genetic engineering and great step towards the development of biotechnology. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><b>Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen:</b> Collaboratively created the first genetically modified organism using recombinant DNA techniques.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><b>Kary Mullis:</b> Inventor of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a crucial tool for DNA amplification.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><b>Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier: </b>Pioneers of CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing technology, revolutionizing genetic manipulation.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><b>Ian Wilmut:</b> Led the team that cloned the first mammal, Dolly the sheep, using somatic cell nuclear transfer.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><b>Frederick Sanger:</b> Developed DNA sequencing techniques, contributing to the Human Genome Project.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><b>Leroy Hood:</b> Innovator in automated DNA sequencing and systems biology, advancing genetic research.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><b>Roger Chen:</b> Contributed to the development of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) as a vital tool in molecular and cell biology.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><b>Craig Venter:</b> Played a key role in sequencing the human genome and created the first synthetic cell.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><b>Rudolf Jaenisch: </b>Pioneered techniques in transgenic science and gene targeting, essential for understanding gene function. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://mysciencestore.com/" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Famous Biotechnology Scientists and their Inventions" border="0" data-original-height="1920" data-original-width="1080" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1WuurAsib7Zs_m7DY0iUAJS2fLWVrcO2eQ0ojwxMIq8XmnDdKMkC7f09W-OMktSdqEIz0_hc3tNjMQGsZPl9qHQkuPeQRUNuDvNky6Rp4ZXVHaAkoDaTX2Y-jVgO3lJTvO0T7Lu9BW1krx6XqEks-3Ura2a80iOMaHfhRD1JEltz4pbVMzgQfQp_9Ew6L/s16000/Famous%20Biotechnology%20Scientists%20(1).png" title="Famous Biotechnology Scientists and their Inventions" /></a></div><br /></span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><b>Rosalind Franklin:</b> Contributed to the understanding of DNA's structure through X-ray diffraction, a key precursor to the discovery of the DNA double helix.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><b>Gregor Mendel:</b> Often called the "father of modern genetics," he laid the groundwork for the laws of inheritance through his work with pea plants.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><b>Barbara McClintock: </b>Discovered transposons or "jumping genes," providing insights into genetic regulation and chromosomal structure.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><b>Francis Collins: </b>Led the Human Genome Project, helping decode the entire human DNA sequence.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><b>George Church:</b> Made significant contributions to genomic sequencing technologies and synthetic biology.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><b>Shinya Yamanaka: </b>Discovered induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), a groundbreaking development in regenerative medicine.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><b>Barry Marshall and Robin Warren:</b> Identified the bacterium Helicobacter pylori as a major cause of peptic ulcers, challenging prevailing medical beliefs.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><b>Elizabeth Blackburn:</b> Discovered telomerase, a key enzyme in the study of aging and cancer.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><b>Alec Jeffreys:</b> Pioneered DNA fingerprinting, revolutionizing <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2022/02/Forensic-Science-Famous-Forensic-Scientists-and-Forensic-Chemist.html">forensic science</a> and paternity testing.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><b>Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer:</b> Awarded the first patent for gene cloning, marking a crucial step in biotechnology.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><b>Andrew Fire and Craig Mello:</b> Discovered RNA interference (RNAi), a mechanism that regulates gene expression with implications in medicine and research.</span></li></ol><p></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">These <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/p/famous-scientists-and-their-inventions.html">scientists</a> have made significant contributions across various branches of biology and genetics, influencing scientific progress in profound ways.</span></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6735811983892584361.post-4167953377350703162023-12-20T21:14:00.022+05:302023-12-20T22:24:38.436+05:30My Age Calculator
<h1 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"> My Age Calculator</span></h1><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Dear friends! Now you can use this "My Age Calculator" tool to calculate your age. Enter your date of birth and click on calculate button to calculate your age.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2023/11/molarity-calculator.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="My Age Calculator" border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeeGlJaYUPwM_EHjD9MMhbGPS23Y1xcXzC7vL-0qGHe5TGlFe-w3xxsaueIhbtD5V8TYXVAMn50j6diW09sn0_Lm4ILrGRKTEeKkN4UiKxE1qFDnBJTyBgfo1F3U9H_KAW9Sg8bgupTB_ixo0beWRp6yAOHzbuvtgtEJUBpbOVhnQnRVNWTHgcOgmtOL0u/s16000/Age%20Calculator.jpeg" title="My Age Calculator" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><br /></span></p>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><style>
.calculator {
background-color: #fff;
border-radius: 8px;
box-shadow: 0 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
padding: 20px;
text-align: center;
}
label {
font-size: 18px;
color: #333;
}
input {
padding: 10px;
font-size: 16px;
width: 100%;
margin-bottom: 20px;
box-sizing: border-box;
}
button {
background-color: #3498db;
color: #fff;
padding: 12px 20px;
font-size: 16px;
border: none;
border-radius: 4px;
cursor: pointer;
}
button:hover {
background-color: #2980b9;
}
h2 {
margin-top: 20px;
font-size: 24px;
color: #333;
}
</style>
<div class="calculator">
<label>Enter your Date of Birth:</label>
<input id="dob" type="date" /> </div><div class="calculator"><button onclick="calculateAge()">Calculate Age</button>
<h2 id="result"></h2>
</div>
<script>
function calculateAge() {
var dob = new Date(document.getElementById("dob").value);
var today = new Date();
var ageDate = new Date(today - dob);
var years = ageDate.getUTCFullYear() - 1970;
var months = ageDate.getUTCMonth();
var days = ageDate.getUTCDate() - 1; // Subtract 1 to get the correct days
document.getElementById("result").innerHTML = "Your age is: " + years + " years, " + months + " months, and " + days + " days.";
}
</script>
</span><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><h2 style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">"Introducing our sophisticated Age Calculator at Chemistry Notes Info! </span></h2><div style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">🌐✨</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> Seamlessly blend the elegance of technology with the intrigue of time. Simply input your Date of </span>Birth and<span style="font-family: inherit;"> let our meticulously crafted calculator reveal your exact age in years, months, and days. </span></span></div><div style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">📆⌛</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> Elevate your self-awareness with precision, as this sleek tool effortlessly computes the passage of time. The interactive design, complemented by a user-friendly interface, ensures an enjoyable experience. </span></span></div><div style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Unveil the tapestry of your life's journey in precise detail, right down to the days. At Chemistry Notes Info, we believe that understanding time is as important as celebrating the wonders of science. Explore the Age <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/search/label/Calculator">Calculator</a> today and embark on a journey through the dimensions of your personal timeline. </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">🚀👩🔬</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> #TimeUnveiled #ChemistryNotesInfo <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2021/12/age-calculator.html">#MyAgeCalculator</a> #ExploreYourTimeline"</span></span></div></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6735811983892584361.post-63414928385375534042023-12-19T17:37:00.011+05:302023-12-22T21:38:56.584+05:30Top 10 interesting facts about Oxygen<h1 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">Top 10 interesting facts about Oxygen</span></h1><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Unlock the mysteries of Oxygen Element! <span class="s1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">🌬️</span> Dive into the fascinating world of this life-sustaining element with our top 10 interesting facts. From its essential role in respiration to its cosmic abundance, Oxygen is more than just the air we breathe. Learn about Oxygen and its unique properties & surprising applications. <span class="s1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">💨✨</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://mysciencestore.com/design/pod-4bdYuYXjA8jVcQi" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Top 10 interesting facts about Oxygen" border="0" data-original-height="2560" data-original-width="2560" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYdPhztN1usOXz5DABLaTqF5v8NrLcS0A_NvCBKX3d5Mg48Try8BwpMddvGs0aoEpmP-4h-D1sCMXqIOB3m5htsZLPAkO5CDZ8PGIfZjga9s9QW69MfiRdSCeO2vqkLXH0g-7FuADPxST606wUvCh-GZ2FC0YgOuNf54jvcG4GuyxEIOT4_5FGqAPfyz7g/s16000/Oxygen%20Element%20(1).png" title="Top 10 interesting facts about Oxygen" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span><p></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"></p><ol><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Vital for Life:</span></b><span style="font-size: medium;"> Oxygen is essential for the survival of most living organisms. It plays a key role in cellular respiration, where it is used to produce energy. All animals and plants we see around us requires oxygen for the respiration. </span></span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Abundant Element:</span></b><span style="font-size: medium;"> Oxygen is colourless, odourless & tasteless and it is the third most abundant element in the universe, following hydrogen and helium. On Earth, it constitutes about 21% of the atmosphere.</span></span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Diatomic Molecule:</span></b><span style="font-size: medium;"> In its most common form, oxygen exists as O<sub>2</sub>, a diatomic molecule with two oxygen atoms bonded together.</span></span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Ozone Layer Guardian:</span></b><span style="font-size: medium;"> Ozone (O<sub>3</sub>) is a form of oxygen, which forms a protective layer in the Earth's atmosphere. This layer is known as the ozone layer. This layer is responsible for shielding life on <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2017/02/10-facts-about-earth.html">Earth</a> from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation.</span></span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Supports Combustion:</span></b><span style="font-size: medium;"> Oxygen is a supporter of combustion, making it crucial for various <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2020/12/redox-reactions-class-11-notes.html">combustion processes</a>, such as burning fuel for energy production.</span></span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Medical Applications:</span></b><span style="font-size: medium;"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen">Oxygen</a> is used in medical settings to support patients with respiratory conditions and is a common component of medical gases. </span></span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Liquid Oxygen's Low Boiling Point:</span></b><span style="font-size: medium;"> Liquid oxygen has a boiling point of -183°C (-297°F) and is used in various industries, including rocket propulsion systems. Liquid oxygen has pale blue colour. </span></span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Oxygen Bar Trend:</span></b><span style="font-size: medium;"> Oxygen bars, where individuals can inhale purified oxygen for recreational purposes, became a trend in certain wellness and entertainment settings.</span></span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Oxygen Therapy in High Altitudes:</span></b><span style="font-size: medium;"> In high-altitude locations or during aviation, supplemental oxygen is provided to compensate for lower oxygen levels, preventing hypoxia.</span></span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Historical Discovery:</span></b><span style="font-size: medium;"> Oxygen was first <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/p/famous-scientists-and-their-inventions.html">discovered</a> by <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/search?q=scientist">scientist</a> Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1772 and independently by another <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2023/12/21-Famous-Biotechnology-Scientists-and-their-Inventions.html">scientist</a> Joseph Priestley in 1774. <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2023/12/Top-10-Famous-Chemistry-Scientists-and-their-Inventions.html">Antoine Lavoisier</a> later recognized it as an element essential for combustion and respiration.</span></span></li></ol><p></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">These <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/search/label/Science%20Facts">fascinating interesting funny science facts</a> about oxygen, underscore the critical role oxygen plays in sustaining life, its prevalence in the Earth's atmosphere, and its diverse applications across various industries and medical fields.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="background: 0px 0px repeat rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; color: var(--title-color); line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: currentcolor; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Physical and Chemical Properties of Oxygen</span></span></h2><h3 style="background: 0px 0px repeat rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--title-color); font-weight: var(--h-weight); line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Given below are the physical properties of Oxygen element:</span></span></h3><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="t1" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: justify;"><tbody><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Physical Property</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Values/Description</span></b></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Chemical Symbol</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">O</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Atomic Number</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">8</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Atomic Mass</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">15.999 u</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Physical State at Room Temperature</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Gas</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Boiling Point</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">-183.0°C or -297.4°F</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Melting Point</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">-218.79°C or -361.82°F</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Density (at 0°C and 1 atm)</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">1.429 g/L</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Colour</b></span><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"> and Odor</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Colourless</span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"> and </span><span style="font-size: medium;">odourless</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Solubility in Water</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Slightly soluble</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Diatomic Molecule</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">O2</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Electronegativity</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">3.44 (Pauling scale)</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Critical Temperature</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">-118.6°C or -181.5°F</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Critical Pressure</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">50.4 atm</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span><div><h3 style="background: 0px 0px repeat rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--title-color); font-weight: var(--h-weight); line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: currentcolor; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Given below are the chemical properties of Oxygen element:</span></span></h3></div><div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="t1" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: justify;"><tbody><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Chemical Property</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Description</span></b></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Chemical Symbol</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">O</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Atomic Number</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">8</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Valence Electrons</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">6</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Electronegativity</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">3.44 (Pauling scale)</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Ionization Energy</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">1313.9 kJ/mol (first), 3388.3 kJ/mol (second)</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Common Oxidation States</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">-2</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Common Compounds</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Water (H2O), Oxides, Ozone (O3)</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Reactivity</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Highly reactive, especially in the presence of metals</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Combustibility</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Supports combustion; essential for </span><span style="font-size: medium;">burning.</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Affinity for Electrons</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">High</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Reaction with Metals</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Forms </span>oxides,<span style="font-family: inherit;"> reactions vary with different </span>metals.</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Biological Role</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Essential for respiration in aerobic organisms; involved in cellular </span><span style="font-size: medium;">processes.</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Oxygen Allotropes</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Dioxygen (O2), Ozone (O3), and Tetraoxygen (O4)</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: justify;">Buy Oxygen printed Unisex Hoodie </h2><div style="text-align: justify;">You can Buy Oxygen printed Unisex Hoodie from our science-based brand "<a href="https://mysciencestore.com/product/BPD-907D-6BF9-42CC">My Science Store</a>". visit our <a href="https://mysciencestore.blogspot.com/2023/12/Element-Printed-Hoodies-at-My-Science-Store.html">online science inspired shopping store</a> at <a href="https://mysciencestore.com">https://mysciencestore.com</a> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a 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font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">If you like our <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/p/interesting-facts-about-elements-of.html" style="background: 0px 0px repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration: none; transition: all; vertical-align: baseline;">science facts</a> on <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2023/10/top-10-interesting-facts-about-hydrogen.html" style="background: 0px 0px repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration: none; transition: all; vertical-align: baseline;">Hydrogen</a> <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2023/10/top-10-interesting-facts-about-helium.html" style="background: 0px 0px repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration: none; transition: all; vertical-align: baseline;">Helium</a> <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2023/10/top-10-interesting-facts-about-lithium.html" style="background: 0px 0px repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration: none; transition: all; vertical-align: baseline;">Lithium</a> </span><a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2023/10/top-10-interesting-facts-about-beryllium.html" style="background: 0px 0px repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration: none; transition: all; vertical-align: baseline;">Beryllium</a> <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2023/11/top-10-interesting-facts-about-boron.html" style="background: 0px 0px repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration: none; transition: all; vertical-align: baseline;">Boron</a> <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2023/12/top-10-interesting-facts-about-carbon.html" style="background: 0px 0px repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration: none; transition: all; vertical-align: baseline;">Carbon</a> <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2023/12/top-10-interesting-facts-about-nitrogen.html">Nitrogen</a> Oxygen,<span style="background: 0px 0px repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; 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src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJUx7hyphenhyphenSsYT7Pt9n_58IHK_JaNfrF2FfgE4H8Rh3h8ZtE2ghIOwbxzvEes0mekqlMSgdCSz9fvzR6CZvImS8763fqewHvD9q8Mls2lHQlSBMO2fVIuyyHP_4W2i99rsMk2LcYCkW83B7EBOYE44q7mVlBcJTJ3rWtvp25Pf9_OPgPpxBnXDCyxs6Mvut6y/s1600-rw/WhatsApp%20logo.jpg" style="background: 0px 0px repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: currentcolor; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" width="154" /></a></div><div style="background: 0px 0px repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #475569; font-family: Montserrat, sans-serif;" /></div></span></div></div></div><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"> Infographics on Oxygen Facts</span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;">Dear friends, below is the infographics on Oxygen facts, which you can share with your friends and loved ones to enhance their science knowledge. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/search/label/Chemistry%20Infographics" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Oxygen facts infographics" border="0" data-original-height="2000" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6jdEI7xfn32_njNgQU6amQ15KWOqlP6XzIXLQ19s7AqBGRlKX2JUXUHD3Du5ARp5HWErB0JIpfNgye3KfpWyYVVnWYN6br2vMnVIExdAvCVPTQuLed-rMXWSmOeLdlFiSP4Njo2yssIsNye6U238NccLT6IBacmZeOrbE8HZ9-l35PHv_mIBaVmKbv1Mq/s16000/Oxygen%20facts%20infographics.png" title="Oxygen facts infographics" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6735811983892584361.post-79219156188861840802023-12-18T18:55:00.003+05:302023-12-29T20:52:18.714+05:30MCQs on Elements of Group 17<h1 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">Quiz Questions with Answer - MCQs on Elements of Group 17</span></h1><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Welcome to the fascinating world of Group 17 elements, commonly known as the Halogens! This group, found in the <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/search?q=periodic+table">periodic table</a>, consists of fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and astatine (At). Let's embark on a journey of discovery with some intriguing multiple-choice questions (MCQs) that will test and enhance your <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2023/12/mcqs-on-elements-of-group-16.html">knowledge of these essential elements</a>.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEig34mc9fZSqkJirISTEXpwDyKvPUYl1wbu5_WF32YYLz5JFhrNSYHYDFhwwm5pm7QfGmkhrZD5BwRgPbvm_k5tyzLYIBkwzL-bRadtymwHFYl1GxdxJ9QLCrqCpSkB48uUWOM5PMz3bY4sRkAL0BHNe7omvzBGkVZnA4aCf7IEoB_50N9hU802cABjF64P=s500" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="ChemistryNotesInfo" border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEig34mc9fZSqkJirISTEXpwDyKvPUYl1wbu5_WF32YYLz5JFhrNSYHYDFhwwm5pm7QfGmkhrZD5BwRgPbvm_k5tyzLYIBkwzL-bRadtymwHFYl1GxdxJ9QLCrqCpSkB48uUWOM5PMz3bY4sRkAL0BHNe7omvzBGkVZnA4aCf7IEoB_50N9hU802cABjF64P=s16000" title="Chemistry Notes Info" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p>
<h4 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
MCQ-1.</span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> Elements of which one of the following groups will form anions most </span>readily.</span></h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> Oxygen group</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> Nitrogen group</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> Halogens</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> Alkali metals</div>
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><button onclick="myFunction1()">Show Answer</button><br />
</span><div id="Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info1"></div>
</blockquote>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><script>
function myFunction1() {
document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info1").innerHTML = "QUIZ CORRECT ANSWER: Halogens ";
document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info1").style.color = "green";}
</script>
</span><h4 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">
MCQ-2.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> Mark the halogen which is solid at room <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2022/02/How-to-Measure-Temperature-With-a-Thermometer.html">temperature</a>.:</span></h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> F</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> Cl</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> Br</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> I</div>
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><button onclick="myFunction2()">Show Answer</button><br />
</span><div id="Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info2"></div>
</blockquote>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><script>
function myFunction2() {
document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info2").innerHTML = "QUIZ CORRECT ANSWER: I ";
document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info2").style.color = "green";}
</script>
</span><h4 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">
MCQ-3.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> The correct order of electron affinity among the following is:</span></h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> Br > Cl > F</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> Cl > F > Br</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> F > Cl > Br</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> F > Br > Cl</div>
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><button onclick="myFunction3()">Show Answer</button><br />
</span><div id="Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info3"></div>
</blockquote>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><script>
function myFunction3() {
document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info3").innerHTML = "QUIZ CORRECT ANSWER: Cl > F > Br ";
document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info3").style.color = "green";}
</script>
</span><h4 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">
MCQ-4.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> The halogen that is most easily reduced is:</span></h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> F<sub>2</sub></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> Cl<sub>2</sub></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> Br<sub>2</sub></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> I<sub>2</sub></div>
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><button onclick="myFunction4()">Show Answer</button><br />
</span><div id="Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info4"></div>
</blockquote>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><script>
function myFunction4() {
document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info4").innerHTML = "QUIZ CORRECT ANSWER: F<sub>2</sub> ";
document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info4").style.color = "green";}
</script>
</span><h4 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">
MCQ-5.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> Which of the following has the highest <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2017/12/heat-and-temperature.html">heat</a> of </span><span style="font-size: medium;">hydration?</span></h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> Fluorine</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> Chlorine</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> Bromine</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> Iodine</div>
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><button onclick="myFunction5()">Show Answer</button><br />
</span><div id="Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info5"></div>
</blockquote>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><script>
function myFunction5() {
document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info5").innerHTML = "QUIZ CORRECT ANSWER: Fluorine ";
document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info5").style.color = "green";}
</script>
</span><h4 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">
MCQ-6.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> Which one of the following pairs of substances when heated together will quickly produce small amounts of chlorine </span><span style="font-size: medium;">gas?</span></h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> HCl and Br<sub>2</sub></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> HCl and KMnO<sub>4</sub></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> NaCl and MnO<sub>2</sub></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> NaCl and H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></div>
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><button onclick="myFunction6()">Show Answer</button><br />
</span><div id="Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info6"></div>
</blockquote>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><script>
function myFunction6() {
document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info6").innerHTML = "QUIZ CORRECT ANSWER: HCl and KMnO<sub>4</sub> ";
document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info6").style.color = "green";}
</script>
</span><h4 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">
MCQ-7.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> Chlorine is used in the <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2014/04/class-12th-chapter-6-general-principle_3219.html">extraction of</a>:</span></h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> Cu</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> Ag</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> Au</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> All</div>
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><button onclick="myFunction7()">Show Answer</button><br />
</span><div id="Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info7"></div>
</blockquote>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><script>
function myFunction7() {
document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info7").innerHTML = "QUIZ CORRECT ANSWER: Au ";
document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info7").style.color = "green";}
</script>
</span><h4 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">
MCQ-8.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> Bromine turns starch </span><span style="font-size: medium;">paper:</span></h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> Yellow</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> Brown</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> Violet</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> Red</div>
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><button onclick="myFunction8()">Show Answer</button><br />
</span><div id="Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info8"></div>
</blockquote>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><script>
function myFunction8() {
document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info8").innerHTML = "QUIZ CORRECT ANSWER: Yellow ";
document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info8").style.color = "green";}
</script>
</span><h4 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">
MCQ-9.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> Chlorine acts as a bleaching agent only in presence </span><span style="font-size: medium;">of:</span></h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> Dry air</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> Moisture</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> Sunlight</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2023/12/top-10-interesting-facts-about-oxygen.html">Pure oxygen</a></div>
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</span><h4 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">
MCQ-10.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> Chlorine acts as a bleaching agent due to </span><span style="font-size: medium;">its:</span></h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> reducing property</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> oxidising property</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> dehydrating property</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> none of these</div>
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</span><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://mysciencestore.com/product/BPD-1598-2EDE-4E63" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2000" data-original-width="1600" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0SeGrmSBg0LC04CJSb2xLcMunMhyphenhyphenDqpezlcwhq3lfNzbkpzqrSiTh2u6Xr7YjJgjEaLO4sk3ynI0vKyejrvgmbCoqylOWoR3PtsokOMnAM1Se6cm9rTWDJlArUsottOZPGKVTXEZCVcfLX4U2tXYJ5Dh-6gpnlrcgaOhxrnycV7tufEV7TIuaR3ZRhT34/w512-h640/cool-woman-sweatshirt-mockup-0049.png" width="512" /></a></p><h2 style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">Unveiling the Secrets: A Deep Dive into Group 17 Elements through MCQs</span></h2><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;">Given below are the next 10 questions with answers at bottom.</p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Question 1:</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">What is the common valency of Group 17 elements?</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">a) +1 <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">b) -1 <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">c) +2 <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">d) -2 <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Question 2:</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Which of the following halogens is in a gaseous state at room temperature?</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">a) Chlorine <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">b) Bromine <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">c) Iodine <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">d) Astatine <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Question 3:</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">What is the halogen displacement order, from the most reactive to the least reactive?</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">a) F > Cl > Br > I > At <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">b) At > I > Br > Cl > F <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">c) F > Cl > I > Br > At <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">d) At > Br > I > Cl > F <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Question 4:</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Which halogen is commonly used in water purification?</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">a) Fluorine <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">b) Chlorine <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">c) Bromine <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">d) Iodine <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Question 5:</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">What is the state of iodine at room temperature?</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">a) Solid <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">b) Liquid <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">c) Gas <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">d) Plasma <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Question 6:</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">What is the electron configuration of astatine?</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">a) [He] 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d¹⁰ 4p⁶ 5s² 4d¹⁰ 5p⁵ <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">b) [Kr] 5s² 4d¹⁰ 5p⁵ <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">c) [Xe] 6s² 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6p⁵ <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">d) [Rn] 7s² 5f¹⁴ 6d¹⁰ 7p⁵ <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Question 7:</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Which halogen is known for forming compounds with a beautiful violet </span>colour<span style="font-family: inherit;">?</span></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">a) Fluorine <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">b) Chlorine <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">c) Bromine <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">d) Iodine <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Question 8:</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">What is the most reactive halogen?</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">a) Fluorine <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">b) Chlorine <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">c) Bromine <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">d) Iodine <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Question 9:</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Which halogen has the highest atomic number?</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">a) Fluorine <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">b) Chlorine <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">c) Bromine <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">d) Iodine <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Question 10:</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">What is the trend in boiling points within Group 17?</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">a) Increases down the group <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">b) Decreases down the group <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">c) Remains constant <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">d) Fluctuates randomly <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><b>Answers of above 10 Questions:</b></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">1. b) -1 <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">2. a) Chlorine <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">3. a) F > Cl > Br > I > At <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">4. b) Chlorine <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">5. a) Solid <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">6. d) [Rn] 7s² 5f¹⁴ 6d¹⁰ 7p⁵ <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">7. c) Bromine <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">8. a) Fluorine <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">9. d) Iodine <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">10. a) Increases down the group <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Congratulations on completing the Group 17 Elements MCQ challenge! Use these questions to reinforce your understanding of halogens and their properties. Happy learning! Visit our <a href="https://mysciencestore.com/design/pod-PAPwMd7mDvLOfDo">My Science Store</a>!</span></p>Jitendra Singh Sandhuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06312843500177958082noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6735811983892584361.post-60471000745564948322023-12-17T13:29:00.011+05:302023-12-19T18:27:04.366+05:30MCQs on Elements of Group 16<h1 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">MCQs on Elements of Group 16</span></h1><p style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 25px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Dear Science Chemistry Students, you can now check your chemistry knowledge about periodic table of elements of Group16 by solving below quiz questions MCQs on elements of group 16.</span></p><div class="autors-widget" style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; height: auto; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 600px;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://mysciencestore.com/design/pod-QXQQE513rozYCm9" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="MCQs on Elements of Group 16" border="0" data-original-height="5000" data-original-width="5000" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1Mcqr0NDHBpuSYR009TgXXXV_myQgacJDHsNeAi_EhQeOSdLZQgrumWjDmBloyOhi7a_NSidJeeuj-Klw2VYX5VsR1FYoORwTA44bkd_8liQhqoJem8qz7lsXJ3LcnWUN74mebMhy2GSGoIgvHmP_PTxt5_3OiC8ESqnMBnrFWJer4-rhqhyphenhyphenx2kNwcD-S/s16000/My%20Science%20Store%20Logo2.png" title="MCQs on Elements of Group 16" /></a></div><br /><div style="-webkit-border-image: none !important; -webkit-box-align: stretch !important; -webkit-box-decoration-break: slice !important; -webkit-box-direction: normal !important; -webkit-box-flex: 0 !important; -webkit-box-ordinal-group: 1 !important; 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<h4 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">
MCQ-1.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> Which of the following is not an element of group VIA ? :</span></h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> O</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> S</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> Te</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> Pd</div>
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</span><h4 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">
MCQ-2.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> The number of unpaired electrons in the p-subshell of oxygen atom is :</span></h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> 1</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> 2</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> 3</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> 4</div>
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</span><h4 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">
MCQ-3.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> Bond angle is minimum for :</span></h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> H<sub>2</sub>O</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> H<sub>2</sub>S</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> H<sub>2</sub>Se</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> H<sub>2</sub>Te</div>
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document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info3").innerHTML = "QUIZ CORRECT ANSWER: H<sub>2</sub>Te ";
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</span><h4 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">
MCQ-4.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2023/12/top-10-interesting-facts-about-oxygen.html">Oxygen was discovered by</a> :</span></h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> Priestley</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> Boyle</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> Scheele</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> Cavendish</div>
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</span><h4 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">
MCQ-5.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> Oxygen is denser than air so it is collected over :</span></h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> H<sub>2</sub>O</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> Spirit</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> Mercury</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> Kerosence oil</div>
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</span><h4 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">
MCQ-6.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> KO<sub>2</sub> + CO → ?(gas) :</span></h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> O<sub>2</sub></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> N<sub>2</sub></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> H<sub>2</sub></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> CO</div>
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document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info6").innerHTML = "QUIZ CORRECT ANSWER: O<sub>2</sub> ";
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</span><h4 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">
MCQ-7.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> Which of the following is amphoteric ? :</span></h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> BeO</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> SnO<sub>2</sub></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> Both</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> None</div>
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</span><h4 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">
MCQ-8.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> Which of the following regions of atmosphere contains ozone ? :</span></h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> Troposphere</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> Thermosphere</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> mesosphere</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> Stratosphere</div>
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document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info8").innerHTML = "QUIZ CORRECT ANSWER: Stratosphere ";
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</span><h4 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">
MCQ-9.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> Ozone is :</span></h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> An oxidising agent</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> A reducing agent</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> Oxidising and reducing agent both</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> None of the above</div>
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</span><h4 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">
MCQ-10.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> No. of atoms in one molecule of sulphur is :</span></h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> 8</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> 4</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> 3</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> None</div>
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</script>
Jitendra Singh Sandhuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06312843500177958082noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6735811983892584361.post-40464052645220042062023-12-14T22:07:00.009+05:302023-12-19T18:27:37.697+05:30Top 10 interesting facts about Nitrogen<h1 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">Top 10 interesting facts about Nitrogen</span></h1><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Dear Science & Chemistry Lovers, in this post we will learn top 10 interesting facts about nitrogen. Along with these fun facts we will also learn about physical and chemical properties of nitrogen. You can also download and share images and infographics in this post with your friends with article link. Let's we know about these fascinating ten facts of nitrogen: </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://science-lovers.blinkstore.in/design/pod-PAPwMd7mDvLOfDo" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><img alt="Top 10 interesting facts about Nitrogen" border="0" data-original-height="2560" data-original-width="2560" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXRp-qZgYEDuXayeg47QH-6JorP5PFjjOJn9fe0H3jrGA8b9muWbYvwU6qgNkASoSiJWwQUymUhhnR5ydOpsu77yhEcVKT3AwTOJat2JtNeoCBMxefe_OvpAGIdd-_I18gWPbzqY3H4ZCyx2wnx9JTWHIxatoXaTLHYWBNCnTcFWzlKlPpWdUZbrNIWJvZ/s16000/Nitrogen%20Element.png" title="Top 10 interesting facts about Nitrogen" /></span></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><ol><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Abundance in the Atmosphere:</b> </span>Nitrogen element in gaseous form is the most abundant gas in Earth's atmosphere, constituting about 78% of the air we breathe.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Chemical Symbol and Number:</b> The chemical symbol for nitrogen is "N", and it is assigned the atomic number of "7" on the periodic table.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Diatomic Molecule:</b> Nitrogen exists as a diatomic molecule, meaning it naturally pairs up with another nitrogen atom to form N2.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Critical for Living Organisms:</b> Nitrogen is an essential element for living organisms as it is a key component of amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).</span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Nitrogen Fixation:</b> Nitrogen fixation is the process by which certain bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form, which is usable by plants. This process is crucial for the nitrogen cycle and the growth of plants.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Liquid Nitrogen:</b> Nitrogen becomes a liquid at extremely low temperatures (-195.79°C or -320.42°F) and is commonly used in cryogenics for freezing and preserving biological samples.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Role in Food Preservation: </b>Nitrogen is used in the food industry for packaging and preserving food. Nitrogen gas helps prevent the oxidation and spoilage of food products.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Inert Gas:</b> Nitrogen is an inert gas, which means it is generally non-reactive under normal conditions. This property makes it suitable for various industrial applications, including inert atmospheres for certain processes.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Airbags in Vehicles:</b> Nitrogen is often used to inflate airbags in vehicles. Its inert nature reduces the risk of combustion compared to using regular air.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Production of Ammonia:</b> Nitrogen is a key component in the production of ammonia (NH3), which is essential for the manufacturing of fertilizers used in agriculture to enhance soil fertility.</span></li></ol><p></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">These interesting facts about nitrogen element, highlight the diverse roles that nitrogen plays in both natural processes and various human applications.</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="background: 0px 0px repeat rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; color: var(--title-color); font-weight: var(--h-weight); line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: currentcolor; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: large; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Physical and Chemical Properties of Nitrogen</span></h2><h3 style="background: 0px 0px repeat rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Given below are the physical properties of Nitrogen element:</span></h3><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="t1" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: justify;"><tbody><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Physical Property</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Value/Description</span></b></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Chemical Symbol</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">N</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Atomic Number</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">7</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Atomic Mass</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">14.007 u</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Physical State at Room Temperature</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Gas</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Boiling Point</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">-195.79°C or -320.42°F</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Melting Point</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">-210.01°C or -346.02°F</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Density (at 0°C and 1 atm)</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">1.2506 g/L</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Color and Odor</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Colorless and odorless</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Solubility in Water</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Low</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Diatomic Molecule</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">N2</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Electronegativity</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">3.04 (Pauling scale)</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Critical Temperature</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">-147.10°C or -232.78°F</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Critical Pressure</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">33.5 atm</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; text-align: justify;">Given below are the chemical properties of Nitrogen element:</span></h3><div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="t1" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: justify;"><tbody><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Property</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Description</span></b></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Chemical Symbol</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">N</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Atomic Number</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">7</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Valence Electrons</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">5</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Electronegativity</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">3.04 (Pauling scale)</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Ionization Energy</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">1402.3 kJ/mol</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Common Oxidation States</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">-3</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Common Compounds</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Ammonia (NH3), Nitric Oxide (NO), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Reactivity</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Relatively inert under normal conditions</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Combustibility</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Non-combustible; supports combustion indirectly.</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Affinity for Hydrogen</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Forms ammonia (NH3) through nitrogen fixation.</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Nitrogen Fixation</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Certain bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia.</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Combines with Hydrogen</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Forms ammonia (NH3) in the presence of a catalyst.</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Combines with <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2023/12/top-10-interesting-facts-about-oxygen.html">Oxygen</a></span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Forms nitrogen oxides, including NO, NO2, and N2O</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Combines with Metals</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Forms nitrides</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Biological Role</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Essential component of amino acids, proteins, and DNA</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Infographics on Nitrogen Element</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/p/chemistry-infographics.html"><img alt="interesting facts about Nitrogen" border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8nQcbGrjLPm49EUJ4Z53Rgt7Msy8awNEWKale88F-_M9ECjlBcqnReTxt9pdvsIJvMXx2EzdRWZzOHohL1wBudsmKCtXfgUY2w0lPeMmOqpTgOjZBzIWSntZPNVk7CWP8DND1sGH3hyVDc_BQEaL-LNE5FRr3QQ2q6CV4N5o5RWQDOttlK_IgA_tj_S1v/s16000/interesting%20facts%20about%20Nitrogen.png" title="interesting facts about Nitrogen" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/p/chemistry-infographics.html">Infographics on interesting facts about Nitrogen</a></i></b></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div><div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="t1" style="background: 0px 0px repeat rgb(255, 255, 255); border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid var(--border-color); margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor; overflow-x: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; width: 600px;"><tbody style="background: 0px 0px repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><tr style="background: 0px 0px repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td class="td1" style="background: 0px 0px repeat; border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor; padding: 1px 5px; vertical-align: baseline;" valign="top"><p class="p1" style="background: 0px 0px repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span 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border-box; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">If you like our <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/p/interesting-facts-about-elements-of.html" style="background: 0px 0px repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">science facts</a> on <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2023/10/top-10-interesting-facts-about-hydrogen.html" style="background: 0px 0px repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Hydrogen</a> <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2023/10/top-10-interesting-facts-about-helium.html" style="background: 0px 0px repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Helium</a> <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2023/10/top-10-interesting-facts-about-lithium.html" style="background: 0px 0px repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Lithium</a> </span><a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2023/10/top-10-interesting-facts-about-beryllium.html" style="background: 0px 0px repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Beryllium</a> <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2023/11/top-10-interesting-facts-about-boron.html" style="background: 0px 0px repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Boron</a> <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2023/12/top-10-interesting-facts-about-carbon.html">Carbon</a> Nitrogen,<span style="background: 0px 0px repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> then share with your friends at </span><a href="https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaD6VCAJuyA4VfuQw03h" style="background: 0px 0px repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">WhatsApp</a><span style="background: 0px 0px repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/ChemistryNotesInfo" style="background: 0px 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<div style="max-width: 500px; position: relative; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-top: 166%;"><iframe src="https://webstories.chemistrynotesinfo.com/interesting-facts-about-nitrogen" style="height: 100%; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 100%;"></iframe></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6735811983892584361.post-37189419962215610282023-12-13T19:44:00.006+05:302023-12-13T21:28:46.708+05:3027 Famous Mathematics Scientists and their Inventions & Contribution<h1 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span style="text-align: left;">27 Famous M</span>athematicians<span style="text-align: left;"> Scientists and their Inventions & Contribution</span></span></h1><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Many mathematicians and scientists have made significant contributions to the field of mathematics, this article on 27 famous m<span style="text-align: left;">athematics</span> scientists along and their inventions or contributions. Here we discuss name of mathematician, their date of birth, death date, birthplace, <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/p/famous-scientists-and-their-inventions.html">invention or discovery</a> in the field of mathematics.</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://shop.chemistrynotesinfo.com/design/pod-2yIwQrce1YH7Kur" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="27 Famous Mathematics Scientists and their Inventions & Contribution" border="0" data-original-height="927" data-original-width="1200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlM-x2KY2NnobLfgzwsNRdn2MovEJU4emfMI1_uI6kBAhZDRCsj1EglXD2cwWYz7RVZTD6rO18wEadHOOKJMnbqGEiMnE1_-QIXlC9QQPFlaiZXTGPKHaCv4oQumTY2LQYawHcu4L3bmNEBozmYRZD_y3Mt6LnGzVPvISCicXtcYZXHYLMyl5rPltPizE9/s16000/Famous%20Mathematicians%20Scientists.png" title="27 Famous Mathematics Scientists and their Inventions & Contribution" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">1. Euclid (c. 300 BCE):</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Born: c. 300 BCE</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Died: Unknown</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Birthplace: Unknown</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Contribution: Known as the "Father of Geometry," Euclid compiled the Elements, a comprehensive compilation of knowledge in geometry.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">2. Pythagoras (c. 570–495 BCE):</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Born: c. 570 BCE</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Died: c. 495 BCE</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Birthplace: Samos, Ionia (modern-day Greece)</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Contribution: Pythagorean Theorem, which relates the sides of a right triangle.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">3. Archimedes (c. 287–212 BCE):</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Born: c. 287 BCE</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Died: c. 212 BCE</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Birthplace: Syracuse, Sicily (modern-day Italy)</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Contribution: Fundamental contributions to geometry, calculus, and mechanics, including the principle of buoyancy.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">4. Isaac Newton (1642–1727):</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Born: January 4, 1643</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Died: March 31, 1727</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Birthplace: Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Contribution: Developed calculus independently, formulated the laws of motion, and made significant contributions to physics.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">5. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716):</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Born: July 1, 1646</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Died: November 14, 1716</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Birthplace: Leipzig, Electorate of Saxony (modern-day Germany)</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Contribution: Independently developed calculus and introduced the binary system, foundational for computers.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">6. Leonhard Euler (1707–1783):</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Born: April 15, 1707</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Died: September 18, 1783</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Birthplace: Basel, Switzerland</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Contribution: Made key contributions to topology, graph theory, and introduced much notation still in use, including "e" for the base of natural logarithms.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">7. Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855):</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Born: April 30, 1777</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Died: February 23, 1855</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Birthplace: Brunswick, Duchy of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (modern-day Germany)</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Contribution: Made contributions to number theory, statistics, and algebra; discovered the method of least squares.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">8. Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749–1827):</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Born: March 23, 1749</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Died: March 5, 1827</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Birthplace: Beaumont-en-Auge, Normandy, France</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Contribution: Developed celestial mechanics and the Laplace transform in mathematics.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">9. Bernhard Riemann (1826–1866):</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Born: September 17, 1826</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Died: July 20, 1866</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Birthplace: Breselenz, Kingdom of Hanover (modern-day Germany)</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Contribution: Riemannian geometry, which laid the foundation for Einstein's theory of relativity.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">10. Évariste Galois (1811–1832):</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Born: October 25, 1811</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Died: May 31, 1832</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Birthplace: Bourg-la-Reine, Kingdom of France (modern-day France)</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Contribution: Developed group theory, which has applications in many areas of mathematics.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">11. David Hilbert (1862–1943):</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Born: January 23, 1862</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Died: February 14, 1943</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Birthplace: Königsberg, Kingdom of Prussia (modern-day Kaliningrad, Russia)</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Contribution: Made contributions to algebraic number theory and formulated the famous Hilbert's problems.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">12. Henri Poincaré (1854–1912):</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Born: April 29, 1854</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Died: July 17, 1912</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Birthplace: Nancy, France</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Contribution: Worked on topology, celestial mechanics, and introduced the concept of chaos theory.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">13. Srinivasa Ramanujan (1887–1920):</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Born: December 22, 1887</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Died: April 26, 1920</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Birthplace: Erode, Madras Presidency, British India (modern-day Tamil Nadu, India)</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Contribution: Made substantial contributions to mathematical analysis, number theory, and infinite series.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">14. Kurt Gödel (1906–1978):</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Born: April 28, 1906</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Died: January 14, 1978</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Birthplace: Brünn, Austria-Hungary (modern-day Brno, Czech Republic)</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Contribution: Proved the incompleteness theorems, which have far-reaching implications in logic and philosophy.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">15. Alan Turing (1912–1954):</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Born: June 23, 1912</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Died: June 7, 1954</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Birthplace: Maida Vale, London, England</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Contribution: Father of computer science; played a crucial role in breaking the Enigma code during World War II.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">16. John von Neumann (1903–1957):</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Born: December 28, 1903</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Died: February 8, 1957</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Birthplace: Budapest, Austria-Hungary (modern-day Hungary)</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Contribution: Significant contributions to game theory, quantum mechanics, and computer science.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">17. Andrew Wiles (b. 1953):</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Born: April 11, 1953</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Still Alive</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Birthplace: Cambridge, England</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Contribution: Proved Fermat's Last Theorem, a problem unsolved for over 350 years.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">18. Mary Cartwright (1900–1998):</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Born: December 17, 1900</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Died: April 3, 1998</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Birthplace: Aynho, Northamptonshire, England</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Contribution: Made contributions to non-linear differential equations and chaos theory.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">19. John Nash (1928–2015):</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Born: June 13, 1928</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Died: May 23, 2015</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Birthplace: Bluefield, West Virginia, USA</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Contribution: Worked on game theory, differential geometry, and won the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">20. Grigori Perelman (b. 1966):</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Born: June 13, 1966</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Still Alive</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Birthplace: Leningrad, Soviet Union (modern-day Saint Petersburg, Russia)</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Contribution: Proved the Poincaré conjecture, a significant problem in topology.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">21. Élie Cartan (1869–1951):</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Born: April 9, 1869</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Died: May 6, 1951</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Birthplace: Dolomieu, Isère, France</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Contribution: Developed the theory of Lie groups and made</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>significant contributions to differential geometry.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">22. Niels Henrik Abel (1802–1829):</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Born: August 5, 1802</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Died: April 6, 1829</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Birthplace: Island of Finnøy, Kingdom of Denmark-Norway (modern-day Norway)</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Contribution: Pioneered group theory and proved the impossibility of solving the general quintic equation.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">23. Sophie Germain (1776–1831):</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Born: April 1, 1776</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Died: June 27, 1831</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Birthplace: Paris, France</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Contribution: Made significant contributions to elasticity theory and Fermat's Last Theorem.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">24. Andrey Kolmogorov (1903–1987):</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Born: April 25, 1903</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Died: October 20, 1987</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Birthplace: Tambov, Russian Empire (modern-day Russia)</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Contribution: Founder of probability theory, co-developed turbulence theory.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">25. Ada Lovelace (1815–1852):</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Born: December 10, 1815</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Died: November 27, 1852</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Birthplace: London, England</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Contribution: Worked on Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine; wrote the first algorithm intended for implementation on a computer.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">26. Euclid of Megara (c. 435–365 BCE):</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Born: c. 435 BCE</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Died: c. 365 BCE</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Birthplace: Megara, Greece</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Contribution: Founder of the Megarian school of philosophy; contributed to logic and geometry.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">27. Emmy Noether (1882–1935):</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Born: March 23, 1882</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Died: April 14, 1935</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Birthplace: Erlangen, German Empire (modern-day Germany)</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- Contribution: Developed Noether's theorem, linking symmetries and conservation laws; foundational work in abstract algebra.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">These mathematicians have made remarkable contributions to various branches of mathematics, enriching the field with their groundbreaking discoveries and theories. </span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">These <a href="https://www.coursera.org/courses?topic=Math%20and%20Logic">mathematics</a> <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2017/04/famous-scientists-and-their-inventions.html">scientists</a></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"> have made notable contributions to various mathematical disciplines, ranging from algebra and geometry to probability theory and computer science.</span></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6735811983892584361.post-51644944536944881732023-12-12T23:35:00.002+05:302023-12-15T18:45:06.106+05:30MCQs on elements of group 15<h1 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"> MCQs on elements of group 15</span></h1><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: white;">Dear Chemistry Students, you can now check your knowledge about </span><a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2016/04/what-is-element.html" style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Elements</a><span style="background-color: white;"> of Group15 by solving below chemistry quiz questions MCQs on elements of group 15. </span>MCQs on elements of group 15 are very important in many government and competitive exams along with your ongoing academic studies. You can also check correct answers by clicking on 'Show Answer' button. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://shop.chemistrynotesinfo.com/shop/hoodie" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="MCQs on elements of group 15" border="0" data-original-height="1018" data-original-width="848" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9NSSTbP41v7UFTaMG3YCK7uPsdd5QQRf5hzMmHpK7mk3h8-OG0svH2Qyi_F-KTzRCQG88XOJ1O0YrYlN9495C9lUXgcz3nkWgpjl6DJU_WI36im_Ytdm7BGJOitiiLpObuBvxIafsw3HF10AFmWjmRIy1JIbqptH6i-0AleCzGkAcOd3KyJ1ZUBOLEDML/s16000/Unisex%20Hoodie%20with%20Structure%20of%20Atom%20print2023-12-12%20at%208.05.14%20PM.png" title="MCQs on elements of group 15" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p>
<h4 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">
MCQ-1.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> The VA group elements are commonly known as :</span></h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> Halogens</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> Pnicogens</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> Normal elements</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> None</div>
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MCQ-2.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> Which of the following element is most <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2016/04/10-class-metals-and-non-metals.html">metallic </a>? :</span></h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> P</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> As</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> Sb</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> Bi</div>
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MCQ-3.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> Which of the following does not form stable diatomic molecules ? :</span></h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> Iodine</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> Phosphorus</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> Nitrogen</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> Oxygen</div>
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MCQ-4.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> The most stable hydride is :</span></h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> NH<sub>3</sub></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> PH<sub>3</sub></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> AsH<sub>3</sub></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> SbH<sub>3</sub></div>
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MCQ-5.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> Which one of the following <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentafluoride">pentafluorides</a> can't be formed ? :</span></h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> PF<sub>5</sub></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> AsF<sub>5</sub></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> SbF<sub>5</sub></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> BiF<sub>5</sub></div>
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MCQ-6.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> A solution containing NH<sub>4</sub>Cl and NaNO<sub>2</sub> on boiling produces :</span></h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> Nitrous oxide</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> Nitrogen</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> Nitrogen dioxide</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> Ammonia</div>
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MCQ-7.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2023/12/top-10-interesting-facts-about-nitrogen.html">Nitrogen gas</a> is absorbed by :</span></h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> aluminium carbide</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> calcium carbide</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> ferrous sulphate</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> calcium hydroxide</div>
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document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info7").innerHTML = "QUIZ CORRECT ANSWER: calcium carbide ";
document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info7").style.color = "green";}
</script>
</span><h4 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">
MCQ-8.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> The gas which is obtained on heating ammonium nitrate is :</span></h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> Nitrous oxide</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> Nitrogen</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> nitric oxide</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> Ammonia</div>
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><button onclick="myFunction8()">Show Answer</button><br />
</span><div id="Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info8"></div>
</blockquote>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><script>
function myFunction8() {
document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info8").innerHTML = "QUIZ CORRECT ANSWER: nitrous oxide ";
document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info8").style.color = "green";}
</script>
</span><h4 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">
MCQ-9.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> The smell of nitrogen dioxide is :</span></h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> Pleasant</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> Pungent</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> Other characteristic</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> Not known</div>
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><button onclick="myFunction9()">Show Answer</button><br />
</span><div id="Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info9"></div>
</blockquote>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><script>
function myFunction9() {
document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info9").innerHTML = "QUIZ CORRECT ANSWER: Not known ";
document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info9").style.color = "green";}
</script>
</span><h4 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">
MCQ-10.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> Nitric oxide is prepared by the action of HNO<sub>3</sub> on :</span></h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> Fe</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> Cu</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> Zn</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> Sn</div>
</span><blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><button onclick="myFunction10()">Show Answer</button><br />
</span><div id="Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info10"></div>
</blockquote>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><script>
function myFunction10() {
document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info10").innerHTML = "QUIZ CORRECT ANSWER: Cu ";
document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info10").style.color = "green";}
</script>
</span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"> You can also shop at our recently opened <a href="https://shop.chemistrynotesinfo.com/shop">Science & Chemistry Store </a></span></p>Jitendra Singh Sandhuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06312843500177958082noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6735811983892584361.post-82248317153199428112023-12-10T11:56:00.003+05:302023-12-10T12:59:22.119+05:30MCQs on Elements of Group 14<p><b> MCQs on Elements of Group 14</b></p><p>Dear Chemistry Students, you can now check your knowledge about <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2016/04/what-is-element.html">Elements</a> of Group14 by solving below quiz questions MCQs on elements of group 14.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/search/label/Chemistry%20Quiz" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Science Chemistry Quiz on elements of Periodic Table - MCQs on Elements of Group 14" border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1080" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEge1tVUu0HIIAYvg-v3Vh_L-hn3rk2lAxhEYoQ4ukqb-bJ6H8rtva3Nm8zdW6PaR1qQjX5YO7Q3o8zDjH2EKRJcDbt6b13dqAJsJunOoMxnag5ji52BxCM0bLmU04EIoLHuMVZeo9HDVt2V7KBuY1HlIg65k01o4GjLsVUPCse9C42LYlf3K0CZALMsiFkZ/s16000/MCQs%20on%20Elements%20of%20Group%2014.PNG" title="Science Chemistry Quiz on elements of Periodic Table - MCQs on Elements of Group 14" /></a></div>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
MCQ-1.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> The most abundant element in the earth's crust (by weight is ) :</h4>
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> Si <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> Na <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> Al <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> O <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<button onclick="myFunction1()">Show Answer</button><br />
<div id="Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info1"></div>
</blockquote>
<script>
function myFunction1() {
document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info1").innerHTML = "QUIZ CORRECT ANSWER: Si ";
document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info1").style.color = "green";}
</script>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
MCQ-2.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> Which of the following has highest electronegativity ? :</h4>
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> C <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> Si <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> Sn <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> Pb <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<button onclick="myFunction2()">Show Answer</button><br />
<div id="Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info2"></div>
</blockquote>
<script>
function myFunction2() {
document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info2").innerHTML = "QUIZ CORRECT ANSWER: C ";
document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info2").style.color = "green";}
</script>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
MCQ-3.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> Which one of the following elements is not capable of exceeding a covalency of four ? :</h4>
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> Carbon <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> Silicon <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> Germanium <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> Lead <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<button onclick="myFunction3()">Show Answer</button><br />
<div id="Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info3"></div>
</blockquote>
<script>
function myFunction3() {
document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info3").innerHTML = "QUIZ CORRECT ANSWER: Carbon ";
document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info3").style.color = "green";}
</script>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
MCQ-4.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> which one of the following is not a characteristic property of carbon ? :</h4>
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> It forms compounds with multiple bonds. <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> Its ionization energy is very high <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> It undergoes catenation. <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> It undergoes inert pair effect. <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<button onclick="myFunction4()">Show Answer</button><br />
<div id="Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info4"></div>
</blockquote>
<script>
function myFunction4() {
document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info4").innerHTML = "QUIZ CORRECT ANSWER: It undergoes inert pair effect. ";
document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info4").style.color = "green";}
</script>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
MCQ-5.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> Diamond is used in glass cutting due to its :</h4>
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> hard nature <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> high refractive index <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> high m. p. <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> high metallic bonding <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<button onclick="myFunction5()">Show Answer</button><br />
<div id="Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info5"></div>
</blockquote>
<script>
function myFunction5() {
document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info5").innerHTML = "QUIZ CORRECT ANSWER: hard nature ";
document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info5").style.color = "green";}
</script>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
MCQ-6.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> Which of the following is a good conductor of heat and <a href="https://byjus.com/physics/current-electricity/">electricity</a> ? :</h4>
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> Anthracite <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> Diamond <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> Charcoal <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> Graphite <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<button onclick="myFunction6()">Show Answer</button><br />
<div id="Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info6"></div>
</blockquote>
<script>
function myFunction6() {
document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info6").innerHTML = "QUIZ CORRECT ANSWER: Graphite ";
document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info6").style.color = "green";}
</script>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
MCQ-7.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> The purest form of coal is :</h4>
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> Peat <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> Bituminous <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> Anthracite <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> Lignite <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<button onclick="myFunction7()">Show Answer</button><br />
<div id="Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info7"></div>
</blockquote>
<script>
function myFunction7() {
document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info7").innerHTML = "QUIZ CORRECT ANSWER: Anthracite ";
document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info7").style.color = "green";}
</script>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
MCQ-8.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> water gas is prepared by passing :</h4>
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> steam over HCI <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> air over red hot coke <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> steam over red hot coke <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> all are correct <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<button onclick="myFunction8()">Show Answer</button><br />
<div id="Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info8"></div>
</blockquote>
<script>
function myFunction8() {
document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info8").innerHTML = "QUIZ CORRECT ANSWER: steam over red hot coke ";
document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info8").style.color = "green";}
</script>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
MCQ-9.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> LPG contains mainly :</h4>
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> methane + ethane <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> ethanae + propane <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> butane + isobutane <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> butene + butane <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<button onclick="myFunction9()">Show Answer</button><br />
<div id="Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info9"></div>
</blockquote>
<script>
function myFunction9() {
document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info9").innerHTML = "QUIZ CORRECT ANSWER: butane + isobut ";
document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info9").style.color = "green";}
</script>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
MCQ-10.<span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span> Which one of the following has the highest calorific value ? :</h4>
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ1" /> Coal gas <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ2" /> Water gas <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ3" /> Producer gas <br />
<input name="Science Quiz Answer" type="radio" value="MCQ4" /> Caebon dioxide gas <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<button onclick="myFunction10()">Show Answer</button><br />
<div id="Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info10"></div>
</blockquote>
<script>
function myFunction10() {
document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info10").innerHTML = "QUIZ CORRECT ANSWER: Coal gas ";
document.getElementById("Science-Quiz-MCQs-by-Chemistry-Notes-Info10").style.color = "green";}
</script>
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<div style="max-width: 500px; position: relative; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-top: 166%;"><iframe src="https://webstories.chemistrynotesinfo.com/elements-of-group-14-of-periodic-table" style="height: 100%; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 100%;"></iframe></div></div>
Jitendra Singh Sandhuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06312843500177958082noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6735811983892584361.post-59585020184787721082023-12-10T01:37:00.020+05:302023-12-10T13:07:28.441+05:30Molality Calculator<h1 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"> Molality Calculator</span></h1><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">This Molality calculator calculates the <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/search?q=molality">molality</a>, when you provide the 'Mass of the Solvent in gram' and 'No. of Moles of Solute in mol'. After entering these values press 'Calculate Molality' button.</span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/search/label/Calculator"><img alt="Molality Calculator" border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1080" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQdDrnaKxw1q4AHYHbCb2KLwU1VjOujh-rwI0RR4O7k4JiDxxNZXJOeFI9kHrncY1ZFb0MORGFAQMsUsTXxhC71d0zh-gtDQlM8b-FWzRhALyVVbUxSvFLJrThF5PZNaKS47-GeOkDaFr7_931G47gzNl8jedlkNXK1yDb_wi9Mh-99AH2Fdq-V2LErLNg/s16000/Molality%20Calculator.png" title="Molality Calculator" /></a></div>
<div id="calculator">
<h2>Molality <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/search/label/Calculator">Calculator</a></h2>
<label><div id="calculator"><label><br /></label></div>Mass of Solvent (g): </label>
<input id="mass" required="" type="number" /><br />
<label><br /></label></div><div id="calculator"><label><br /></label></div><div id="calculator"><label>Moles of Solute (mol): </label>
<input id="moles" required="" type="number" /></div><div id="calculator"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div><div id="calculator"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span>
<button onclick="calculateMolality()">Calculate Molality</button>
<p id="result"></p>
</div>
<script>
function calculateMolality() {
var massOfSolvent = parseFloat(document.getElementById('mass').value);
var molesOfSolute = parseFloat(document.getElementById('moles').value);
if (isNaN(massOfSolvent) || isNaN(molesOfSolute)) {
alert("Please enter valid numbers for mass of solvent and moles of solute.");
return;
}
var molality = molesOfSolute / (massOfSolvent / 1000); // Convert mass to kg
document.getElementById('result').innerHTML = "Molality: " + molality.toFixed(4) + " mol/kg";
}
</script>
<p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Molality Meaning</span></h2><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2016/09/what-is-molality.html">Molality</a> is a concentration unit, that is used in chemistry & chemical laboratories to express the concentration of a solute in a solution. It is defined as the number of moles of the solute present in per kilogram of the solvent. </span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Molality Formula</span></h3><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">The formula for molality (m) is given by:</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><b>Molality (m) = moles of solute / mass of solvent (in kg)</b></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Unit of Molality</span></h3><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Unit of molality is mol/kg</span></div><h3 style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><br /></span></h3><h3 style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Uses of Molality</span></h3><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">The key distinction between molality and other <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration">concentration</a> units like molarity is that molality is based on the mass of the solvent, not the volume. This makes molality particularly useful in situations where temperature changes can significantly alter the volume of the solution (as in the case of some gases), but the mass of the solvent remains constant.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Molality is often used in colligative property calculations, especially in situations involving changes in boiling point or freezing point, where the ratio of moles of solute to mass of solvent is critical.</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #475569; font-family: Montserrat, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px; orphans: 2; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><div dir="ltr" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" trbidi="on"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpf2mRK8uq3yHHYLybjumQDohZbp9z7m9kkoUL7uWHovvRaBBy_MlTVDb2ZqQzEFOK4a79WpqhgPNq7sXlBDxXJZr47qcLF5KoP8-bz5pFTyYkm_w9C2t4gnEl1lM_bhyphenhyphenVswODIYHI4n30/s1600/Molarity+vs+Molality.png" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--accent-color); margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Molality Vs Molarity Chemistry Infographics" border="0" class="shareaholic-media-target-hover-state" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpf2mRK8uq3yHHYLybjumQDohZbp9z7m9kkoUL7uWHovvRaBBy_MlTVDb2ZqQzEFOK4a79WpqhgPNq7sXlBDxXJZr47qcLF5KoP8-bz5pFTyYkm_w9C2t4gnEl1lM_bhyphenhyphenVswODIYHI4n30/s16000/Molarity+vs+Molality.png" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto !important; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Molality Vs Molarity Chemistry Infographics" /></a></div><h2 style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--title-color); font-family: var(--title-font); font-size: 23px; font-weight: var(--h-weight); line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></h2><h2 style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--title-color); font-family: var(--title-font); font-size: 23px; font-weight: var(--h-weight); line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdEpwoH2-jyUX66LISPHXkg" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--accent-color); margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">YouTube Video on Molality and Molarity</a></h2><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/sulb1AK4_Zs/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/sulb1AK4_Zs?feature=player_embedded" style="aspect-ratio: 16 / 9; background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; width: 600px;" width="320"></iframe></div></div></div><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Thanks!</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"></p>
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<p></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6735811983892584361.post-36095672472072280492023-12-08T00:50:00.007+05:302023-12-22T21:35:39.358+05:30What is Viscosity in Chemistry<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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What is Viscosity in The Field of Chemistry</span></h1>
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</figure><h2><figure class="wp-block-image" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #222222; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><figcaption style="border: 0px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">What is Viscosity in Chemistry?</span></figcaption></figure></h2><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;"><span style="color: #222222;">
Do you know! “</span><strong style="border: 0px; color: #222222; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">What is viscosity in </em></strong><span style="color: #222222;"><b><i>chemistry"</i></b>. To understand about viscosity, we take example of some liquids like Honey and </span><a href="https://chemistrynotesinfo.com/states-of-water-h2o/" style="border: 0px; color: #222222; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Water</a><span style="color: #222222;">. As we know honey is thicker than water. So, honey flow with very slow speed on floor than water, as water is very less thick, so it flows quickly. </span></span></div><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #222222; font-size: 16px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">Hence, we can say that liquids with high thickness (like honey) flow slowly and have high viscosity while a liquid with low thickness (like water) flows quickly and have low viscosity.</span></div><h4 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #222222; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Ultra; font-size: large;">Example of Viscosity</span></h4><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #222222; font-size: 16px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><div aria-level="3" class="co8aDb" role="heading" style="color: #202124; margin-bottom: 12px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;"><i>To understand viscosity very well, just take few examples of viscosity in daily life.</i></span></div><div class="RqBzHd" style="color: #202124; padding: 0px 20px; text-align: start;"><ul class="i8Z77e" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li class="TrT0Xe" style="list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">Cooking Oil</span></li><li class="TrT0Xe" style="list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">Honey</span></li><li class="TrT0Xe" style="list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">Lubricant</span></li><li class="TrT0Xe" style="list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">Engine Oil</span></li><li class="TrT0Xe" style="list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">Brake Oil</span></li><li class="TrT0Xe" style="list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">Liquid Soap</span></li></ul><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">These highly viscous liquids are some examples of viscosity in <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2022/03/organic-chemistry-some-basic-principles.html">science</a>. You know viscosity very well, even before listening this term viscosity in your physics & chemistry class.</span></div></div></div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #20124d; font-family: Orbitron;">Learn What is Viscosity in Hindi language <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2019/06/viscosity-what-is-viscosity.html">श्यानता (Viscosity) क्या है ?</a></span></em></strong></div>
<h3 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #222222; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.1; margin: 0px; padding: 30px 0px 10px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Ultra;">
Definition of Viscosity</span></h3>
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Viscosity can be defined as the fluids resistance to flow.</span></div>
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What is Viscosity</span></h2>
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In chemistry, Viscosity of a fluid is the measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by the tensile stress or shear stress. We can also say that viscosity is the internal resistance of the fluid. Fluids which have high viscosity resists to move as its molecular makeup gives this fluid a too much internal friction to motion, while fluids which have low viscosity resists less to move as its molecular makeup gives this fluid a less internal friction to motion.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #222222; font-size: 16px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">So, we can say that molecular makeup decides internal friction between them, and which ultimately provides viscosity of fluid. Honey has high internal friction than water, so honey have high viscosity than water.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #222222; font-size: 16px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;"><br /></span></div><h4 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #222222; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Ultra; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal;">What is absolute viscosity?</span></h4><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #222222; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;"><p class="p1" style="color: black; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">Absolute viscosity is also known as dynamic viscosity. It is a fundamental property of a fluid that describes its resistance to shear or flow when subjected to an applied force. </p><p class="p1" style="color: black; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="color: black; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">It quantifies how easily a fluid deforms or flows when a shearing force is applied to it. The SI unit of absolute viscosity is the pascal-second (Pas), but other units like the poise (P) and the centipoise (cP) are also commonly used.</p></span></div>
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What is Meaning of Viscous</span></h3>
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To understand viscosity. First, we learn what is the meaning of word “Viscous”. So, viscous is property of material i.e., material having a thick, sticky consistency between solid and liquid and also having a high viscosity. </span></div>
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Who Poses Viscosity</span></h4>
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Along with liquids or fluids, gases also have viscosity, but it is very difficult to notice viscosity of gases at ordinary conditions.</span></div>
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We learn this chemistry topic under chemistry terminology category and <a href="https://chemistrynotesinfo.com/physical-chemistry/" style="border: 0px; color: #222222; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Physical Chemistry Notes</a> by Chemistry Notes Info ChemistryNotesInfo.com in simple way, we can say that “Viscosity is the resistance of a fluid to change in its shape”, viscosity is resistance to flow. Fluidity is the reciprocal of viscosity, so now we can say that honey has high viscosity and low fluidity while water has low viscosity and high fluidity.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #222222; font-size: 16px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">V</span><span style="font-family: Merienda;">iscosity plays very important role in determining characteristics of fluids used in lubrication and transportation, spraying, surface coating, injection moulding etc.</span></div>
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Formula of Viscosity</span></h3>
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Viscosity of any liquid can be calculated with viscosity formula. And viscosity formula is given below to calculate viscosity of any fluid or liquid.</span></div>
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Viscosity = Force×Time ∕Area</span></div>
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Newton’s Viscosity Law</span></h2>
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According to the Newton’s viscosity law’, Shear stress between the two adjacent fluid layers is directly proportional to the velocity gradients between these two layers.</span></div>
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Unit of Viscosity</span></h3>
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Unit of Viscosity is Newton second per square meter (Ns/m<span style="border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-size: 12px; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span>)</span></div>
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SI unit of viscosity is Pascal second (Pas)</span></div>
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Relation of viscosity with temperature</span></h3>
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Viscosity of the liquids decreases quickly with increase in the temperature, while viscosity of the gases increases with increase in the temperature.</span></div>
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<tr style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); margin: 0px; padding: 5px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">Temperature -></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); margin: 0px; padding: 5px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">27 °C</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); margin: 0px; padding: 5px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">77 °C</span></td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); margin: 0px; padding: 5px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">Viscosity of Water</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); margin: 0px; padding: 5px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">0.85×10<span style="border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-size: 12px; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">-3</span> pascal second</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); margin: 0px; padding: 5px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">0.36×10<span style="border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-size: 12px; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">-3</span> pascal second</span></td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); margin: 0px; padding: 5px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">Viscosity of Air</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); margin: 0px; padding: 5px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">1.85×10<span style="border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-size: 12px; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">-5</span> pascal second</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); margin: 0px; padding: 5px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">2.08×10<span style="border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-size: 12px; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">-5</span> pascal second</span></td></tr>
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<h2 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #222222; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.1; margin: 0px; padding: 30px 0px 10px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Ultra;">Types of Viscosity</span></h2><div><span style="font-family: Ultra;">Viscosity is classified in two types. which are as follows-</span></div><div><h3 style="font-size: 26px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1em; margin: 30px auto 20px; max-width: 770px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #351c75; font-family: Orbitron;">1. Dynamic Viscosity</span></h3></div><div><span style="font-size: 20px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">Dynamic viscosity is defined as the measure of the ratio of 'shear stress to shear rate' of the fluid.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 20px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;"><br /></span></span></div><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 20px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;"><b>Formula of Dynamic Viscosity</b></span></span></h4><div><span style="color: #666666; font-family: charissil, serif; font-size: 20px; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEguSgnQDlcO9bbcNY-z8qaoSf28BP66UeUKgmm-oQrPZvei-2IvqCck-rihYn5CjE6_O7bM1LWfs2ABsPeilju4UFcPPK0uzbmkUdQ8B1L090rkprNqHrobUfVQf2BanIg0hKZXINXPCx9kZIOJNbRPj52WC83ztOk22D9YM7RAdpT8TXDTWTu_fJNMBQ" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Dynamic Viscosity - Types of viscosity in science chemistry physics" data-original-height="81" data-original-width="103" height="157" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEguSgnQDlcO9bbcNY-z8qaoSf28BP66UeUKgmm-oQrPZvei-2IvqCck-rihYn5CjE6_O7bM1LWfs2ABsPeilju4UFcPPK0uzbmkUdQ8B1L090rkprNqHrobUfVQf2BanIg0hKZXINXPCx9kZIOJNbRPj52WC83ztOk22D9YM7RAdpT8TXDTWTu_fJNMBQ=w200-h157" title="Dynamic Viscosity - Types of viscosity in science chemistry physics" width="200" /></a></div><br /></span><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #351c75; font-family: Orbitron; font-size: 26px;">2. Kinematic Viscosity</span></h3></div><div><span style="font-size: 20px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">Kinematic viscosity is defined as the measure of ratio of 'viscous force to inertial force' on the fluid.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 20px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;"><br /></span></span></div><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 20px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;"><b>Formula of Kinematic Viscosity</b></span></span></h4><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiHISCfU6rQzRO7Fiw6ckmDqrA9xwgQ7qK2feW4dAGt5PPYf9U-OGJzx0QOtku1WlxIBQ3RmcZRDggtnXIykRnj0rsohDX5kQ20Vr9N7-vZ-hI82mzAA7NGxTXgUfFjnZld0mV53-nAukxHwiB5U1tvGK72BNTtqK1hFVkbg7FqedCuOmxiHo83Jh3O7w" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Formula of Kinematic Viscosity" data-original-height="72" data-original-width="101" height="143" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiHISCfU6rQzRO7Fiw6ckmDqrA9xwgQ7qK2feW4dAGt5PPYf9U-OGJzx0QOtku1WlxIBQ3RmcZRDggtnXIykRnj0rsohDX5kQ20Vr9N7-vZ-hI82mzAA7NGxTXgUfFjnZld0mV53-nAukxHwiB5U1tvGK72BNTtqK1hFVkbg7FqedCuOmxiHo83Jh3O7w=w200-h143" title="Formula of Kinematic Viscosity" width="200" /></a></div><br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Ultra; font-size: 24px; text-align: justify;">Measurement of viscosity</span></h3></div>
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Viscosity is measured by various types of Rheometers or Viscometers.</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.amazon.in/ABGIL-Borosilicate-Viscometer-College-Pattern/dp/B085T1PJB2?crid=2FGUOBFHJ8F8W&keywords=viscometer+for+laboratory&qid=1702017907&sprefix=viscometer%2Caps%2C464&sr=8-6&linkCode=ll1&tag=science00a-21&linkId=b336ebce684347ac6fc767001bedcf79&language=en_IN&ref_=as_li_ss_tl" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Viscometer" border="0" data-original-height="924" data-original-width="1283" height="459" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3m8kmUlMduKyM3mTHWhJfffOpurLFNT_PQ7eeoP3x4ivxPZ5BVBJ1B5F0U-LWxzpuxWDEspZTeii0U0sEsGNlkQdUPlRLY39GoMQdPDERlMusMGeke6mr1LGum64BCMte8vBtLUxw1VRj/s640/Viscometer.jpg" title="Viscometer" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><h2 style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Ultra; font-size: large;">Viscometers and its uses</span></h2><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda; font-size: medium;">Viscometers are scientific instruments designed to measure the viscosity of a fluid. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow. Viscosity is a critical property in various fields of science, chemistry and industry. </span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda; font-size: medium;">Viscometers are essential tools for determining the flow behaviour and consistency of liquids, and they have a wide range of uses across different applications. </span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Ultra; font-size: large;">Some of the primary uses of viscometers:</span></h3><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda; font-size: medium;"><b>1. Quality Control in Manufacturing:</b> Viscometers are commonly used in industries such as food and beverages, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, oils and chemicals to ensure product quality and consistency. Manufacturers can use viscometers to check the viscosity of raw materials and finished products to meet specific quality standards. </span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda; font-size: medium;">I personally used </span><span style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Merienda; font-size: medium;">viscometers in QC lab to test viscosity of engine oils in <a href="https://savita.com/">Savita Oil Technology Ltd</a>.</span></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda; font-size: medium;"><b>2. Oil and Petroleum Industry: </b>In the oil and petroleum industry, viscometers are crucial for measuring the viscosity of crude oil, lubricants, and fuel oils. This information is essential for product formulation, transportation, and ensuring proper lubrication in machinery and engines.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda; font-size: medium;"><b>3. Paints and Coatings:</b> Viscosity plays a significant role in the application and performance of paints and coatings. Viscometers help manufacturers control the viscosity of paint formulations to ensure they are suitable for spraying, brushing, or rolling onto surfaces.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda; font-size: medium;"><b>4. Pharmaceuticals:</b> Pharmaceutical companies use viscometers to measure the viscosity of drug formulations, including syrups, suspensions, and creams. Consistency in viscosity is crucial to ensure accurate dosing and drug delivery. Viscosity results plays important roles in stablishing the quality standards of many drugs. </span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda; font-size: medium;">Now I am working in pharma company, and we will always check that viscosity results are within range in <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2023/08/What-is-identity-strength-purity-potency-safety-and-efficacy-of-drug-substance-explains-with-paracetamol-example.html">drug</a> analysis COA (Certificate of analysis) along with other quality parameters. </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda; font-size: medium;"><b>5. Food and Beverage Industry:</b> In the food industry, viscometers are used to measure the viscosity of various products, including sauces, beverages, and dairy products. Proper viscosity ensures the desired texture and mouthfeel of food products.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda; font-size: medium;"><b>6. Polymer and Plastics:</b> The viscosity of polymer melts is vital in the manufacturing of plastics, rubber, and other polymer-based products. Viscometers help control the processing conditions and quality of these materials.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda; font-size: medium;"><b>7. Environmental Testing:</b> Viscometers are used in environmental studies and water quality analysis to measure the viscosity of water samples and other liquids. Changes in viscosity can provide insights into the presence of pollutants or contaminants.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda; font-size: medium;"><b>8. Research and Development:</b> <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2023/12/10-famous-scientist-female.html">Scientists and researchers</a> use viscometers to investigate the rheological properties of fluids, conduct experiments, and develop new materials. Viscometry is essential in various scientific disciplines, including chemistry, physics, and materials science.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda; font-size: medium;"><b>9. Cosmetics and Personal Care:</b> In the cosmetics industry, viscometers are used to assess the consistency and texture of skincare products, shampoos, and lotions. This ensures that the products are easy to apply and provide the desired sensory experience.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda; font-size: medium;"><b>10. Biotechnology and Pharmaceuticals:</b> Viscometers are used in <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2023/12/21-Famous-Biotechnology-Scientists-and-their-Inventions.html">biotechnology</a> and pharmaceutical research to measure the viscosity of biological fluids, such as blood or cell culture media. Understanding viscosity can aid in the development of drug delivery systems and medical devices.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda; font-size: medium;">Overall, viscometers are versatile instruments that play a crucial role in ensuring product quality, optimizing manufacturing processes, and advancing scientific research in a wide range of industries. They come in various types, including rotational viscometers, capillary viscometers, and vibrational viscometers, each suited to specific analysis, research, testing application and measurement requirements.</span></p><div style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;"><br /></span><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Ultra; font-size: large;">Newtonian and nonnewtonian fluids</span></h2><span style="font-family: Merienda;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids are two categories of fluids that exhibit different behaviours in response to applied forces. These classifications are based on the relationship between shear stress (force per unit area) and shear rate (the rate of change of velocity with respect to distance) within the fluid. </div></span></div><div style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;"><br /></span><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Ultra; font-size: large;">Characteristics of Newtonian Fluids:</span></h3><span style="font-family: Merienda;"><div style="text-align: justify;">1. Linear Relationship: Newtonian fluids, such as water, air, and many simple liquids, exhibit a linear relationship between shear stress and shear rate. We can simply say that, as we increase the force applied to these fluids (shear stress), their rate of deformation (shear rate) also increases proportionally.</div></span></div><div style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: Merienda;"><div style="text-align: justify;">2. Constant Viscosity: The key characteristic of Newtonian fluids is that they have a constant viscosity, also known as dynamic viscosity or absolute viscosity. Viscosity is the ratio of shear stress to shear rate, and for Newtonian fluids, this ratio remains constant regardless of the shear rate. The SI unit for dynamic viscosity is pascal-seconds (Pas).</div></span></div><div style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: Merienda;"><div style="text-align: justify;">3. Example: Water is example of a Newtonian fluid. Its viscosity does not change as you vary the shear rate or applied force. When you stir water with a spoon, it responds predictably, and the force you apply is directly proportional to the resulting motion.</div></span></div><div style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;"><br /></span><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Ultra; font-size: large;">Characteristics of Non-Newtonian Fluids:</span></h3><span style="font-family: Merienda;"><div style="text-align: justify;">1. Non-Linear Relationship: Non-Newtonian fluids do not exhibit a linear relationship between shear stress and shear rate. These fluids show a variety of behaviours. Their viscosity can change with the applied shear rate.</div></span></div><div style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: Merienda;"><div style="text-align: justify;">2. Variable Viscosity: Non-Newtonian fluids can have variable viscosity. The viscosity may increase with shear rate (shear-thickening or dilatant behaviour) or decrease with shear rate (shear-thinning or pseudoplastic behaviour). Some non-Newtonian fluids may even exhibit time-dependent behaviour.</div></span></div><div style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: Merienda;"><div style="text-align: justify;">3. Examples: Some common examples of nonnewtonian fluids are ketchup (shear-thinning), whipped cream (thixotropic, meaning viscosity decreases with time under constant shear stress), and cornstarch mixed with water (a non-Newtonian fluid that can behave as a solid under high stress and a liquid under low stress).</div></span></div><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;"></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Ultra; font-size: large;">What is the viscosity of water:</span></h2><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">The viscosity of water (H<sub>2</sub>O) at the room temperature (that is at about 20 degrees Celsius or 68 degrees Fahrenheit) is approximately 1.002 millipascal-seconds (mPa·s) or 1.002 centipoise (cP). </span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">This measurement value of 1.002 mPa</span><span style="font-family: Merienda;">·</span><span style="font-family: Merienda;">s (approx.) represents the resistance of water to flow and is used as a reference point for measuring the viscosity of other liquids. Viscosity can change with temperature; generally, water becomes less viscous as it is heated and more viscous as it cools.</span></p><h3 style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;"><br /></span></h3><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;"><span style="text-align: center;">Water is a chemical compound with chemical formula </span></span><span style="font-family: Merienda;">H</span><sub style="font-family: Merienda;">2</sub><span style="font-family: Merienda;">O. Water molecule contains two hydrogen and one <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2023/12/top-10-interesting-facts-about-oxygen.html">oxygen atom</a>. These atoms are connected by covalent bonds to form water molecule. This water molecule is essential for life on earth. Water molecules act as universal solvent for both living and non-living things. So, this chemical compound (water) is very essential for life on this planet earth. </span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Ultra;">Dynamic viscosity & kinematic viscosity of water</span></h3><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">Dynamic viscosity & kinematic viscosity of water along with density at different temperatures from 20<span style="text-align: center;">°C to 30</span><span style="text-align: center;">°C. </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;"><b style="text-align: center;"><br /></b></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="t1" style="border-collapse: collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Merienda;">Temp. [°C]</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Merienda;">Dyn. Viscosity [mPa.s]</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Merienda;">Kin. Viscosity [mm²/s]</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Merienda;">Density [g/cm³]</span></b></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">20</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">1.002</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">1.003</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">0.998</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">21</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">0.978</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">0.980</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">0.998</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">22</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">0.954</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">0.957</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">0.998</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">23</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">0.932</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">0.934</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">0.998</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">24</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">0.911</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">0.913</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">0.997</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">25</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">0.890</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">0.893</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">0.997</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">26</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">0.870</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">0.873</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">0.997</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">27</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">0.851</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">0.854</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">0.997</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">28</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">0.832</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">0.836</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">0.996</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">29</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">0.815</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">0.818</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">0.996</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">30</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">0.797</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">0.801</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Merienda;">0.996</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6735811983892584361.post-5090702470368488342023-12-07T12:34:00.010+05:302023-12-14T22:08:27.298+05:30Top 10 interesting facts about Carbon<h1 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"> Top 10 interesting facts about Carbon</span></h1><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span class="s1">Dear science students, as we all know the carbon is very </span>importance element in <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2015/05/periodic-table-of-elements-of-9-class.html">periodic table</a>. Life is possible on this planet earth due to carbon. Here are top 10 interesting facts about carbon <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2016/04/what-is-element.html">element</a>:</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2016/04/10-class-carbon-and-its-compounds.html"><img alt="10 interesting facts about Carbon" border="0" data-original-height="1000" data-original-width="1000" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM4W24mBEJxh3N4hAwxmMtT_Tc4JZBRp2ao83gA2cwSV_vME8sALRXWc3LNnCPGcLbuXx5VrTg1tXKzqeIEmtgqbC9rivxwPfg-5rQE3bpwXaHKj7xoYptIF-uKJoGqq0ghAwmOcnNPO7e-YXF8AaVxYyfgaZ6ew1skHNqIoN_nFbNNTDEn7u-ih7eUQPV/s16000/Carbon%20Element.png" title="10 interesting facts about Carbon" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><h2><i><a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2016/04/10-class-carbon-and-its-compounds.html">10 interesting facts about Carbon Element</a></i></h2></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><b>Foundation of Organic Chemistry:</b> <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2016/04/10-class-carbon-and-its-compounds.html">Carbon</a> is often called the "building block of life" because it is a fundamental component of organic compounds. Life is possible on this planet earth due to carbon. All living organisms, as well as many non-living substances, contain carbon-based compounds.</span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b style="font-family: inherit;">Versatile Bonding: </b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Carbon is known for its ability to form diverse <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2015/05/chemical-bonding-and-reactions-of-9-class.html">types of bonds</a>. It can form single, double, and triple bonds with other carbon atoms and different elements of periodic table. Due to this ability of forming bonds, carbon forms so many </span>types<span style="font-family: inherit;"> of organic molecules.</span></span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><b>Allotropes: </b>Carbon exists in various type of allotropic forms, including diamond, graphite, graphene, and carbon nanotubes. Each <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/search?q=allotropes">allotrope</a> has unique properties, such as the hardness of diamond and the conductivity of graphene.</span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b style="font-family: inherit;">Diamonds and Graphite: </b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Diamond and graphite, two of the most well-known allotropes of carbon, have vastly different structures. Diamond has a three-dimensional crystal lattice, making it hard and transparent, while graphite has a layered structure, making it a good conductor of electricity. Diamond is generally used in </span>Jewellery, Cutting and Polishing Tools, Industrial Cutting, Heat Dissipation in Electronics, Precision Optics, Medical Tools while graphite is used in </span>Pencils, Lubricants, Refractories, Batteries, Nuclear Reactors, Electrodes, Thermal Insulators.<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: large;"> </span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b style="font-family: inherit;">Carbon Cycle:</b><span style="font-family: inherit;"> Carbon plays a crucial role in the Earth's carbon cycle, moving through the atmosphere, oceans, rivers, soil, and living organisms. Photosynthesis by plants absorbs carbon dioxide, and respiration by living </span>organisms'<span style="font-family: inherit;"> releases carbon dioxide, maintaining a balance of carbon in the ecosystem.</span></span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><b>Carbon Dating:</b> The isotope carbon-14 is used in carbon dating to estimate the age of organic materials. This technique is widely used in archaeology and palaeontology </span>to estimate the age.</li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><b>Carbon Footprint:</b> The term "carbon footprint" refers to the amount of carbon dioxide emissions for which an individual, organization, or an activity is responsible. It is a measure of the impact on climate change due to release of carbon dioxide in the environment.</span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><b>Carbon-Based Life:</b> Life on this <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2017/02/10-facts-about-earth.html">planet Earth</a> is carbon-based. The unique properties of carbon, such as its ability to form stable, long-chain molecules, contribute to the complexity and diversity of living organisms we see today around the world.</span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><b>Carbon in Technology:</b> Carbon is extensively used in technology, from carbon fibbers in aerospace applications to carbon composites in sports equipment. Carbon-based materials are also crucial in the development of new technologies like batteries and supercapacitors.</span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><b>Carbon in the Stars:</b> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon">Carbon</a> plays a significant role in stellar nucleosynthesis. It is formed in the cores of stars through fusion reactions, and carbon nuclei are ejected into space through processes like stellar winds and supernovae, contributing to the formation of new celestial bodies.</span></li></ol><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">These interesting fun facts about carbon <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/p/interesting-facts-about-elements-of.html">element of periodic table</a>, highlight the importance and versatility of carbon, showcasing its influence in various scientific, environmental, and technological domains.</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"></span></p><h2 style="background: 0px 0px repeat rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: var(--h-weight); line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/p/chemistry-infographics.html" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Infographics</a> on Interesting Facts about Carbon</span></span></span></span></span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background: 0px 0px repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><a href="https://new.express.adobe.com/published/urn:aaid:sc:AP:6cb37d07-51a3-4c0b-a12d-1c0da0fc605b?promoid=Y69SGM5H&mv=other"><img alt="Infographics on Interesting Facts about Carbon" border="0" data-original-height="2000" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbcYZgTOK1cvqg_m3Zhj5xRoIoesAH3wbHWvXy55KaC2honXURdhLmDvsuXJznbf1h1Y5AhMn3CmQffbgkIPIcMO9BsO7yDdioP7LphT3PWiEnJIDZyJ1x_L28bsm62nv8SH3etnVSjctRNzSR0EBMxKhNYMnJo_7-IZyMzeMgOzf8kqDOswispwkli0za/s16000/infographics%20on%20carbon%20element%20intresting%20fun%20facts.png" title="Infographics on Interesting Facts about Carbon" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://new.express.adobe.com/published/urn:aaid:sc:AP:6cb37d07-51a3-4c0b-a12d-1c0da0fc605b?promoid=Y69SGM5H&mv=other">Infographics on Interesting Facts about Carbon</a></i></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div><span style="background: 0px 0px repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><h2 style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-weight: var(--h-weight); line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Physical and Chemical Properties of Carbon</span></span></span></h2><div style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Given below are the physical properties of Carbon element.</span></span></span></span></div><div style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="t1" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: justify;"><tbody><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>Physical Property</b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>Value/Description</b></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>Symbol</b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">C</p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>Atomic Number</b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">6</p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>Atomic Mass</b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">12.01 u</p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>Density</b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">2.267 g/cm³ (diamond)</p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>Melting Point (diamond)</b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">3,550°C (6,422°F)</p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>Boiling Point (diamond)</b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Sublimes at about 4,000 K (6,740°F)</p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>State at Room Temperature</b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Varies (solid as diamond or graphite)</p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>Color</b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Colorless (diamond), Black (graphite)</p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>Crystal Structure</b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Diamond: Cubic; Graphite: Hexagonal</p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>Electronegativity</b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">2.55 (Pauling scale)</p></td></tr></tbody></table></span></span></span></span></div><div style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Given below are the chemical properties of Carbon element.</span></span></span></span></div><div style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="t1" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: justify;"><tbody><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>Chemical Property</b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>Value/Description</b></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>Electron Configuration</b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">1s² 2s² 2p²</p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>Common Oxidation States</b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">+4, +2, -4</p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>Common Compounds</b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Carbon dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), Diamond (C), Graphite</p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>Allotropes</b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Diamond, Graphite, Graphene, Carbon Nanotubes, Fullerenes</p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>Carbon-Based Life</b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Essential building block for organic compounds in living organisms</p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>Carbon Cycle</b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Integral in Earth's carbon cycle, involving photosynthesis and respiration.</p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>Carbon Dating</b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Uses carbon-14 isotope for dating organic materials in archaeology.</p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>Carbon Footprint</b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Measurement of the total greenhouse gas emissions for a product, organization, or individual</p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>Technological Uses</b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Carbon fibbers, Carbon composites, Batteries, Superconductors</p></td></tr></tbody></table></span></span></span></span></div><div style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="t1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid var(--border-color); margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor; overflow-x: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; width: 600px;"><tbody style="background: 0px 0px repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><tr style="background: 0px 0px repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td class="td1" style="background: 0px 0px repeat; border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor; padding: 1px 5px; vertical-align: baseline;" valign="top"><p class="p1" style="background: 0px 0px repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span 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border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">science facts</a> on <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2023/10/top-10-interesting-facts-about-hydrogen.html" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Hydrogen</a> <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2023/10/top-10-interesting-facts-about-helium.html" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Helium</a> <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2023/10/top-10-interesting-facts-about-lithium.html" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: 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background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></span></p><div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://webstories.chemistrynotesinfo.com/">Web Story Slides on Carbon Element Facts</a></span></div><div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></div></span></span></span></span></div></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="max-width: 500px; position: relative; width: 100%;"><div style="padding-top: 166%;"><iframe src="https://webstories.chemistrynotesinfo.com/top-10-interesting-facts-about-carbon" style="height: 100%; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 100%;"></iframe></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6735811983892584361.post-80084160236299819932023-12-06T00:01:00.010+05:302023-12-06T23:45:41.099+05:3010 Famous Scientist Female<h1 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"> 10 Famous Scientist Female from different fields of Science</span></h1><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">In the world of science, countless women have made groundbreaking research, invention and discoveries. Let's learn about 10 famous scientist female and their inventions, whose work make all of us to feel proud. </span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="t1" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: justify;"><tbody><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Female Scientist Name</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Field of Science</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Award and Year</span></b></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Their Invention or Discovery</span></b></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p3" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Marie Curie</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p3" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Physics, Chemistry</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p3" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Nobel Prize (Physics - 1903, Chemistry - 1911)</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p3" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Pioneering research on <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2017/07/Chemistry-Formulas-for-Nuclear-Chemistry-Radioactivity.html">radioactivity</a></span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p3" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Rosalind Franklin</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p3" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Chemistry</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p3" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">N/A</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p3" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Key contributions to the understanding of DNA structure</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p3" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Jane Goodall</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p3" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Primatology</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p1" style="color: #dca10d; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="s1" style="text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templeton_Prize">Templeton Prize</a></span><span class="s2" style="color: black;"> (2021)</span></span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p3" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Transformational research on wild chimpanzees</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p3" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Barbara McClintock</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p3" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Genetics</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p3" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Nobel Prize (Physiology or Medicine - 1983)</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p3" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Discovery of transposons or "jumping genes".</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p3" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p3" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2016/08/physical-chemistry.html">Chemistry</a></span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p3" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Nobel Prize (Chemistry - 1964)</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p3" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Determining structures of biochemical substances</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p3" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ada Lovelace</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p3" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Mathematics, Computer Science</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p3" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">N/A</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p3" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Contribution to the early development of computer programming</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p3" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Chien-Shiung Wu</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p3" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Physics</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p3" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">N/A</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p3" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Experimental evidence confirming parity violation.</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p3" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Rachel Carson</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p3" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Marine Biology, Conservation</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p3" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">N/A</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p3" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Author of "Silent Spring," raising awareness about pesticides</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p3" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Barbara Jordan</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p3" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Astrophysics</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p3" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">N/A</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p3" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Significant contributions to astrophysics</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p3" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Grace Hopper</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p3" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Computer Science</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p3" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">N/A</span></p></td><td class="td1" style="border-color: rgb(154, 154, 154); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top"><p class="p3" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Development of the first commercial electronic computer</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/search/label/Scientists%20and%20their%20inventions"><img alt="Famous Scientist Female" border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1080" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifn7_yysR4GqfWA2CNQNKs5KdrDVzxjtH81TuSTeolPMlpx-twq-TCCbyngKW47gzLkaWmvSW8He5T7-rKDo8qrOAKy3MvKvAPSSi6wXval_r0KfAlXJypGN5P3qPlgxKWAtjaIHdicuNERaM_a6AG-00to9hJMh3iiawNDKYDut7PvN7ok_T77oLy9j_7/s16000/Famous%20Scientist%20Female.png" title="Famous Scientist Female" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/search/label/Scientists%20and%20their%20inventions">Famous Scientist Female</a></i></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><h2 style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">🌟 Celebrating Women in Science: 10 Famous Female Scientists 🌟</span></h2><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span>Dear science students, Females are the gift of </span>God<span> who made this world better to live each and every day. We all have to respect and recognise them in each and every field. Today we are going to learn about 10 famous female <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/p/famous-scientists-and-their-inventions.html">scientist and their research inventions, discoveries</a> </span>and lots of<span> work, which really made their field of </span>science<span> grow and shine. We select these famous scientist women from different fields of science. </span>Let's<span> learn more about them:</span></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Marie Curie (1867–1934):</b> Marie curie was a famous scientist female, who won the Nobel Prize in two field of <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2022/01/Science-Quiz-on-Famous-Scientists-and-Their-Inventions-Discoveries.html">science</a> i.e. Physics and Chemistry. Known for her pioneering research on radioactivity, Marie Curie's work laid the foundation for advancements in medical physics and radiology.</span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Rosalind Franklin (1920–1958):</b> Rosalind Franklin was an X-ray Crystallographer. She is a key contributor to the understanding of DNA structure. Rosalind Franklin's work was instrumental in the discovery of the DNA double helix, structure of RNA, viruses, coal and graphite. </span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Jane Goodall (1934–present):</b> Jane Goodall is a primatologist. Jane Goodall's groundbreaking research on wild chimpanzees transformed our understanding of primates and challenged traditional views on the human-animal relationship.</span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Barbara McClintock (1902–1992):</b> Barbara McClintock was a famous women scientist, who won Nobel Prize in the field of Physiology/Medicine. She was renowned for her discovery of transposons or "jumping genes," Barbara McClintock's work challenged existing notions of genetic stability.</span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910–1994):</b> Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin was a Nobel Prize winner in the field of Chemistry). She was a pioneer in X-ray crystallography. She determined the structures of important biochemical substances, including penicillin and insulin. <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2017/04/famous-scientists-and-their-inventions.html"><img alt="Famous Scientist Women" border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1080" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRS7vSJnPHR_SbMX3loSrbjTZNAPiaMN5O1AjCnHrMMJNXI-MDqC8EjwNVp6VEmVA0aIfgW1vorzyLfuEcrhkD_VUoBpBIK2ywzvE_epnHGePrmUQFHTj6Wj5-7UlhPJOZojx7DDw_jpgBgXv_kTvmmaQK322ymhrp4hQszGUYpXhHk2bzdXrEM4ABBkQt/s16000/Famous%20Scientist%20Women.png" title="Famous Scientist Women" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2017/04/famous-scientists-and-their-inventions.html">Famous Scientist Women</a></i></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Ada Lovelace (1815–1852):</b> Ada Lovelace was a Mathematician and Writer. She was regarded as the world's first computer programmer, Ada Lovelace contributed to Charles Babbage's early mechanical computer, the Analytical Engine.</span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Chien-Shiung Wu (1912–1997):</b> Madam Chien-Shiung Wu was an experimental Physicist. She provided crucial experimental evidence confirming the theory of parity violation in weak nuclear interactions.</span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Rachel Carson (1907–1964):</b> Rachel Carson was a famous scientist woman. She was a Marine Biologist and Conservationist. She was also the author of "Silent Spring". Rachel Carson raised awareness about the environmental impact of pesticides, sparking the modern environmental movement.</span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Barbara Jordan (1936–1996):</b> Barbara Jordan was a famous female scientist (Astrophysicist) in the field of Astrophysics. She was the first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in astronomy. Barbara Jordan's contributions to astrophysics have been instrumental.</span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Grace Hopper (1906–1992):</b> Grace Hopper was a Computer Scientist. She was a pioneer in computer programming. Grace Hopper was instrumental in the development of the first commercial electronic computer and contributed to the development of COBOL programming language.</span></li></ol><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">These extraordinary women have done so much research, invention and discoveries and left an enduring legacy in the world of <a href="https://www.chemistrynotesinfo.com/2022/01/Science-Quiz-on-Scientific-Instruments-Part-1.html">science and technology</a>. Let's we all celebrate their achievements and continue to support and encourage aspiring women in every field of science and technology. Share this article with women to support and motivate them to learn grow and shine.</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></p>
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